Part 6: Blood & lymphatics Flashcards
Blood composed of ______
formed elements & plasma (forms fluid matrix)
Lymph composed of ____
lymphocytes & lymph fluid (dilute solution of proteins & excess interstitial fluid)
blood function
-distributes nutrients, hormone etc. to cell
-carries wastes, co2 away from cell
-transport immune cells
normovolemic vs. hypovolemic vs. hypervolemic
normovolemic: normal blood volume
hypovolemic: lower bv
hypervolemic: gain bv
pH & temp of blood
pH =7.35 -7.45
Temp: 38 C
hemocrit of blood contains ___
plasma (55%)
buffy coat (immune cells - <1%)
erythrocytes (45%)
plasma contains ___
plasma proteins and other solutes
RBC aka ____ carry ____
erythrocytes
O2, CO2
platelets are ____ that are needed in _____
fragments of RBC
clotting reaction
WBC aka ____
leukocytes
neutrophils function
destroy bacteria
eosinophils function
anti-parasitic, allergic response
Basophils function
inflammatory response
Monocytes function
become macrophages
Lymphocytes function
immune response
RBC descr.
Biconcave disc-shaped cells, no nucleus , mostly proteins and cytoplasm
shape of RBC helps to ___
get hemoglobin close to surface
RBC surface proteins _____ determines ____
A,B,D (Rh)
blood type
platelets formed from ____ where?
Formed from large stem cells called megakaryocytes in the red bone marrow and lung
Platelets are _____ that pinch off from the cytoplasm of the _____
membrane-bound enzyme packets
megakaryocyte
blood vessels from blood flow away from heart
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries
blood vessels from blood flow towards from heart
Veins, venules, capillaries
The walls of arteries and veins contain 3 distinct layers: ____
1) outer adventitia
2) middle media
3) inner intima
adventitia is composed of ____
Composed of connective tissue, attaches vessel to surrounding connective tissue
media is composed of _____
Composed of elastic fibers & smooth muscle
Intima is composed of ____
Composed of simple squamous epithelium (endothelium) & thin layer of connective tissue
Label blood vessels
blue: adventitia
red: media
yellow: intima
____ is largest layer in arteries
media
____ is largest layer in arteries
adventitia
Elastic (Conducting) Arteries size? media composition? function?
Largest diameter arteries
Media contains high density of elastic fibers, not so much smooth muscle
Stretch & recoil to even out pressure surges
Muscular (Distributing) Arteries size? function? media composition? vasoconstriction/dilation?
Medium-sized arteries
distribute blood to skeletal muscles & internal organs
Media contains predominantly smooth muscle
Able to vasoconstrict (close) & vasodilate (open)
Arterioles size? layer composition? function?
Small to microscopic vessels
Poorly defined adventitia
Media composed of scattered smooth muscle cells
Deliver blood to capillaries
Change in luminal diamete regulates blood pressure
Capillaries size? function? layer composition?
Smallest blood vessels, connect arterioles to venules
Mediate exchange between blood and surrounding tissues
Have an endothelium and basement membrane
capillaries nediate exchange through: _____
diffusion, active transport, gaps between cells or holes in cells (fenestrations)
fenestrated capillary has ___
holes in the cells
discontinuous capillary has ____
holes between cells
Sinusoids are ____ (def.) . They are ____ (descr.)
expanded capillaries in the liver, spleen and bone marrow
fenestrated, discontinuous, and have an incomplete basement membrane –> lots of leaking
Precapillary sphincters control blood flow _____
through capillaries
Metarterioles connect _____to _____. When sphincters are closed, they shunt blood to ______
arterioles
capillaries
venules via throughfare channels.
veins collect ____ and hold____
blood from organs & tissues & return it to the heart
most of the blood in the body
Veins have larger capacity to ____than arteries and can therefore can act as _____.
stretch
a blood reserve
Medium & Large Veins descr.
Slender media, adventitia is thickest layer
Venules collect ___ and ___ (descr.)
blood from capillaries
Wall composed primarily of intima
Valves in the walls of veins prevent ______
the backflow of blood in arms and legs
Venous compression caused by ______.
contraction of adjacent muscles aids in maintaining blood flow
label
yellow: arch pf aorta
blue: ascending aorta
red: descending aorta
Posterior intercostal arteries (where?_ _____arise from the _____
under ribs
3-11
descending aorta
label
blue: anterior intercostal arteries
yellow: right and left internal thoracic arteries (internal mammary arteries, IMA)
red: subclavian artery
blood vessel used to replace blocked heart artery
left IMA (internal mammary arteries)
Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries _____with one another–> ____
anastomose
reason for redundancy
label
blue: Right common carotid artery
red: Left common carotid artery
_____ are the primary blood supply to the brain.
_____ supply the neck and face.
_____ (swollen region at base of _____) contains _____that measure blood pressure
Internal carotid arteries
External carotid arteries
Carotid sinus
internal carotid
baroreceptors
label
1) Left internal carotid artery
2) Left external carotid artery
3) Left carotid sinus
4) Left common carotid artery
Label:
R. common carotid artery
L. vertebral artery (2)
same artery has different name depending on subdivisions
Subclavian: Emerges from aorta(left)/brachiocephalic artery (right) and travels under clavicle
Axillary: Passes through armpit (axilla)
Brachial: Travels through upper limb until branches into radial and ulnar arteries
Descending aorta divides into ____, which each divide into _____. Internal iliac arteries supply ______.
left and right common iliac arteries
external and internal iliac arteries
pelvic viscera
label
orange: right common iliac artery
red: left common iliac artery
blue: left external iliac artery
purple: left internal iliac artery
External iliac artery becomes _____ when it passes below the _____
femoral artery (blue)
inguinal ligament (red)
Veins trace similar paths to arteries and typically have the same name (e.g., facial artery, facial vein). However, ___
there are some exceptions ( 2 brachiocephalic veins, hepatic portal system)
veins of thorax (label)
blue (top to bottom)
Right internal jugular v.
Right subclavian v.
Right brachiocephalic v.
Superior vena cava
red (top to bottom)
Left internal jugular v.
Left subclavian v.
Left brachiocephalic v.
Internal jugular vein runs along ____ and transports _____
common carotid artery
deoxygenated blood from brain. Also receives branches from head and neck.
All blood returning from the abdominal GI system is directed into _____, which distributes it to the ______
the hepatic portal vein
liver for processing before the blood
can enter into general circulation.
_____bathes the cells of the body. It is called “_____” when it enters the lymphatic vessels
Interstitial fluid
lymph
Functions of Lymphatic System
- Produce, maintain and distribute lymphocytes
-Function in the immune response
-maintain normal blood volume - Alternate route for transport of hormones, nutrients, metabolic waste (ex. lipids absorbed by digestive tract)
parts of lymphatic system
-Lymphatic vessels (Thin vessels that transport lymph)
-Lymphatic Organs (where lymphocytes differentiate or reside, Enclosed by a fibrous capsule
-Lymphatic Tissue (CT with dense aggregates of lymphocytes, no capsule)
Lymphatic Tissue list
Tonsils, lining of appendix
Lymphatic organs list
Bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, spleen
Lymph flows passively _____ .Lymphatic system is _____pressure. Vessels ____-walled
Lymphatic capillaries absorb fluid through gaps between _____ that act like _____
along a pressure gradient (i.e., no pump).
extremely low
very thin
overlapping endothelial cells
one-way valves so fluid can’t leak back out.
Lymph nodes are _____
oval lymphoid organs 1 – 25 mm in diameter
Lymphatic vessels have_____ to prevent backflow.
Valves are similar to those in veins, but region around valve ______
many valves
bulges, giving lymphatic vessels a beaded appearance
Lymphatic ducts collect _____
lymph and empty it into large thoracic veins.
label
-red: right lymphatic duct
blue: thoracic duct
> return to left branocep. vein
yellow: cysterna chyli
Primary lymphatic organs do what? They contain stem cells that generate ____
E.g., ______
Secondary (peripheral) structures – where ______are initiated
E.g., _____
produce, maintain and store lymphocytes
B, T, and NK cells
bone marrow, thymus gland
most immune responses
spleen, lymph nodes
Thymus Gland Lies posterior_____. ____lobes . size? source of ____
-to manubrium in the superior mediastinum
-Two
-Large in early life, it undergoes involution in later life
-Source of T lymphocytes (differentiate, mature, proliferate here)
Spleen descr. sits where? function?
Largest lymphoid organ
upper left quadrant of abdomen, against posterior body wall.
Filters the blood, removing abnormal blood cells and components by phagocytosis
Stores iron recycled from metabolized RBCs
Initiates immune response by B and T cells in response to circulating antigens
Nodules (def.)
Aggregations of densely packed lymphocytes supported by dense reticular fibres
Boundaries often indistinct due to lack of fibrous capsule
nodules are found where? disease?
Mucosa of digestive tract
wall of pharynx (tonsils)
lining of small intestine (Peyer’s patches)
appendix – mass of fused lymphoid nodules
Immune defenses are sometimes overwhelmed -> tonsillitis, appendicitis, etc
