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z:Anat 200 > Part 8: Endocrine system > Flashcards

Part 8: Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

label: endocrine glands & tissues

A

blue: pituitary gland
yellow: thyroid gland
red: adrenal gland
green: pineal gland
black: parathyroid glands
grey: thymus
orange: pancreas
purple: gonads

pink :tissues : digestive tract, kidneys, heart, adipose tissue

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2
Q

endocrine system is a collection of _____ that secrete ____ into _____

A

glands and tissues of the body
chemical messengers (hormones)
blood, directly or via interstitial fluid or lymph.

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3
Q

endocrine system integrates _______

A

the activities of organs and organ systems throughout the body

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4
Q

______function together to maintain homeostasis

A

nervous and endocrine systems

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5
Q

glands (def.)

A

Glandular epithelium consists of specialized cells that synthesize, store, and secrete chemical substances

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6
Q

Two types of glands

A

1) exocrine: release secretions onto epithelial surface through ducts
2) endocrine: release secretions into blood (directly or via interstitial fluid)

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7
Q

examples of exocrine glands

A

sweat, mammary, salivary

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8
Q

examples of endocrine glands

A

thyroid, pituitary, adrenal (suparenal)

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9
Q

hormone is a _____ that : (3 things)

A

chemical messenger

-is produced and secreted by an endocrine cell
-travels through the circulatory system to reach other tissues
-acts upon specific target cells within the tissue

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10
Q

nervous system vs endocrine system

A

-signal sent by neurons vs signals sent by endocrine glandular cells
-signals are electrical impulses vs signals are hormones
-highly specific vs widespread
-short term activity vs long duration

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11
Q

_____ modify secretion from endocrine glands and _____ modify CNS function

A

brain
hormones

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12
Q

similarities between neurons and gland cells

A

-both secret chemical messenger on target cell
-same molecule can be neurotransmitter and hormone (adrenaline and vasopressin)
-some neurons release directly in blood/hormones

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13
Q

types of hormones

A

-amino acid derivatives (ex. adrenaline)
-peptide hormones (ex. oxytocin- coded by gene)
-steroid hormones (ex. estrogen - from cholesterol backbone)
-eicosanoid hormones (least common)-local signals

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14
Q

Thyroid hormones do what? important for?

A

-elevate cellular oxygen and metabolic rate
-important for growth and development

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15
Q

Thyroid gland location

A

-anterior to trachea, just inferior to the larynx/ thyroid cartilage
-anchored to first 2-3 tracheal rings

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16
Q

thyroid gland (descr.)

A

butterfly shape; right and left lobes joined by an isthmus
has large blood supply

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17
Q

thyroid is made of ____ and are surrounded by _____. In the middle of a follicle, there is _____

A

thyroid follicles
follicular cells (T thyrocytes) - has large nucleus
colloid = viscous protein-rich fluid inside follicles

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18
Q

T thyrocytes do what?

A

-produce a large protein, thyroglobulin (Tg), and store it in the lumen of the follicle.
-pump iodine into the lumen, and enzymes on their luminal surface will add iodine to the Tg.

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19
Q

thyroglobulin is the precursor for _____

A

thyroid hormone

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20
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) induces _____

A

thyrocytes to remove Tg from the lumen, cleave off T3, T4, and release them into the blood

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21
Q

Thyroid hormones are derivatives of the amino acid ______, with _____added.

A

tyrosine
iodine

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22
Q

The thyroid releases mainly ______, but ______ is the more active form. Peripheral tissues can convert _____. Both regulate metabolism.

A

thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
T4 to T3

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23
Q

T4 has how many iodine molecules? T3 has how many iodine molecules?

A

-4
-3

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24
Q

hypothyroidism (def.) + symptoms

A

-too little thyroid hormones
-weight gain, fatigue, depression

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25
Q

hyperthyroidism (def.) + symptoms

A

-too much thyroid hormones
-weight loss, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, irregular heartbeat

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26
Q

______act as master regulators of endocrine system.

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary

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27
Q

regulation of thyroid function by hypothalamus + pituitary

A

hypothalamus releases TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) causing pituitary to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) –> release of T4 and T3 b thyroid

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28
Q

feed back loop of thyroid function

A

T4, T3 from thyroid –> negative feedback to pituitary and hypothalamus = decrease TSH from pituitary and TRH from hypothalamus

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29
Q

Pituitary Gland (aka _____)

A

Hypophysis cerebri

30
Q

pituitary glans sits where?

A

sella turcica (“bony saddle”)

31
Q

pituitary gland is connected to brain via ______

A

pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

32
Q

Label pituitary gland

A
  • red: Infundibulum (pituitary stalk)
    -blue: Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis) -look like a gland, has cuboidal epithelial cells
    -orange: Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis) - has nerve terminals (axons)
33
Q

Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System (DEF.) + label

A

a system of blood vessels that connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland

blue: Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus
red: Superior hypophyseal artery
yellow: Primary capillary plexus
green: Portal veins
purple: Secondary capillary plexus
black: Efferent veins

34
Q

portal veins connect ___

A

two capillary beds

34
Q

primary capillary plexus of portal system receives _____

A

neurotransmitters (now hormones since it’s secreted in blood) from hypothalamus –> carries it to secondary plexus in anterior pituitary

35
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteininzing Hormone (LH)
Prolactin (Prl)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

36
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) does what? Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)? Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?
Luteininzing Hormone (LH)?
Prolactin (Prl)?
Human Growth Hormone (hGH)?
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)?

A

-stimulates production of T3, T4
-stimulates production of glucocorticoid
-follicle development and estrogen secretion, sperm maturation
-ovulation, progesterone, testersterone secretion
-milk production
- growth
-melanin production

37
Q

label neurohypophysis

A

blue: Neurosecretory cells of supraoptic nucleus
red: Neurosecretory cells of paraventricular nucleus
green: Hypothalamohypophyseal tract
purple: Inferior hypophyseal artery
yellow: Capillary plexus of neurohypophysis
black: Efferent veins

38
Q

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

A

Vasopressin aka Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

39
Q

Vasopressin (ADH) function + made by ____

A

regulates concentration of urine
functions in the regulation of blood pressure
made by neurons of supraoptic nucleus in posterior pituitary

40
Q

Oxytocin function + made by ____

A

stimulates uterine muscle contraction during childbirth
stimulates release of milk from mammary glands (letdown)
made by neurons of paraventricular nucleus

41
Q

label Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

A

blue: corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
red: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

42
Q

Adrenal (______) Glands

A

Suprarenal
on top of the kidney

43
Q

label adrenal gland

A

red: cortex
blue: medulla

44
Q

The cortex of adrenal gland stores ______

A

cholesterol and fatty acids to use in the synthesis of >24 steroid hormones (corticosteroids)

45
Q

label layers of adrenal cortex

A

red: zona glomerulosa
blue: zona fasciculata
green: zona reticularis
yellow: medulla

46
Q

zona fasciculata of cortex creates _____ after stimulation by _____

A

Glucocorticoids (ex. cortisol)
ACTH

47
Q

cortisol function

A

-control a number of physiological functions for both resting homeostasis and in response to stress (e.g. glucose metabolism)
-used for immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties

48
Q

zona glomerulosa of cortex creates _____ (ex. _____), which does what?

A

Mineralocorticoids
aldosterone

controls electrolyte balance
Increases renal absorption of Na+ and H2O
Decreases renal absorption of K+

49
Q

zona reticularis of cortex creates _____ (ex. _____), which does what?

A

Androgens
Sex hormones
Stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair
Important source of androgens in adult females

50
Q

Chromaffin Cells of Adrenal Medulla are ______ and are equivalent to _______

A

Neuroendocrine cells
post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons

51
Q

Chromaffin Cells of Adrenal Medulla releases ____ for _____

A

Release adrenaline/noradrenaline (epinephrine/norepinephrine) into blood
Fast response to stress

52
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

53
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine function

A

Fight or flight response
Increase cardiac output
Increase blood pressure
Increase blood glucose
Effect release of lipids from adipose tissue

54
Q

But not all organs are under direct hypothalamic/pituitary control (ex. ______)

A

pancreas (self regulating)- mostly exocrine function

55
Q

label internal structure of pancreas

A

blue: exocrine pancreas
red: capillaries
black: islet of langehans- endocrine function

56
Q

islet of langehans label + secretion

A

blue : alpha cell secretes glucagon (increase glucose- acts on liver)
yellow: beta cell secretes insulin (decrease glucose- acts on body cells
purple: delta cell secretes somatostatin (inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin)

57
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (def.) + sympotoms

A

Inability to produce or use insulin
Elevation of blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)
Excretion of glucose in urine

58
Q

types of diabetes mellitus

A

Two types
Type I – 10%- autoimmune disease –> attacks B-cells
Type II – 90%

59
Q

Type I Diabetes (called _____) summary

A

-Autoimmune disease that destroys insulin-secreting cells of islets
-Marked reduction of insulin levels
-Called insulin-dependent diabetes
-Can occur at any age but is more common between ages 5 – 20

60
Q

Type II Diabetes (called _____) summary

A

-Combination of insulin-resistance and insulin-secretory defects
-Target cells become less sensitive to insulin
-Due to down-regulation of receptors
-Called non-insulin-dependent diabetes
-Correlates with age and obesity
-Initial management by diet, exercise and weight loss

61
Q

Other Endocrine Glands

A

Parathyroid glands
Gonads
Pineal gland
Thymus gland

62
Q

Parathyroid hormone produced by _____ that are where? functions?

A

parathyroid glands
sit posterior to thyroid gland
Increases Ca2+ in body fluids
Decreases Ca2+ deposition in bone

63
Q

Calcitonin produced by _____ that are where? functions?

A

produced by C-cells that reside in the thyroid (separate from thyroid function)
Decreases Ca2+ in body fluids
Increases Ca2+ deposition in bone

64
Q

_____is ____ that secretes ____ and regulates ______

A

Pineal Gland
Small midline structure at the posterior end of the 3rd ventricle
Secretes melatonin
Regulates biological clock

65
Q

Thymus Gland secretes ______ which promotes _____

A

thymic hormones
proliferation and maturation of T-lymphocytes

66
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract produces ____different hormones that regulate activity of _____

A

20
GI tract and digestive glands

67
Q

Kidneys produces ____ which increases _____ and ____ which increases _____

A

Erythropoietin - increases RBC production
Renin - increases blood pressure

68
Q

Heart secretes ____ which decreases ____

A

Atrial Natriuretic peptide
Decreases blood pressure

69
Q

Adipose tissue secretes ____ which are _____

A

Leptins
Appetite suppressant

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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