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z:Anat 200 > Part 8: Endocrine system > Flashcards

Part 8: Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

label: endocrine glands & tissues

A

blue: pituitary gland
yellow: thyroid gland
red: adrenal gland
green: pineal gland
black: parathyroid glands
grey: thymus
orange: pancreas
purple: gonads

pink :tissues : digestive tract, kidneys, heart, adipose tissue

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2
Q

endocrine system is a collection of _____ that secrete ____ into _____

A

glands and tissues of the body
chemical messengers (hormones)
blood, directly or via interstitial fluid or lymph.

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3
Q

endocrine system integrates _______

A

the activities of organs and organ systems throughout the body

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4
Q

______function together to maintain homeostasis

A

nervous and endocrine systems

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5
Q

glands (def.)

A

Glandular epithelium consists of specialized cells that synthesize, store, and secrete chemical substances

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6
Q

Two types of glands

A

1) exocrine: release secretions onto epithelial surface through ducts
2) endocrine: release secretions into blood (directly or via interstitial fluid)

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7
Q

examples of exocrine glands

A

sweat, mammary, salivary

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8
Q

examples of endocrine glands

A

thyroid, pituitary, adrenal (suparenal)

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9
Q

hormone is a _____ that : (3 things)

A

chemical messenger

-is produced and secreted by an endocrine cell
-travels through the circulatory system to reach other tissues
-acts upon specific target cells within the tissue

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10
Q

nervous system vs endocrine system

A

-signal sent by neurons vs signals sent by endocrine glandular cells
-signals are electrical impulses vs signals are hormones
-highly specific vs widespread
-short term activity vs long duration

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11
Q

_____ modify secretion from endocrine glands and _____ modify CNS function

A

brain
hormones

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12
Q

similarities between neurons and gland cells

A

-both secret chemical messenger on target cell
-same molecule can be neurotransmitter and hormone (adrenaline and vasopressin)
-some neurons release directly in blood/hormones

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13
Q

types of hormones

A

-amino acid derivatives (ex. adrenaline)
-peptide hormones (ex. oxytocin- coded by gene)
-steroid hormones (ex. estrogen - from cholesterol backbone)
-eicosanoid hormones (least common)-local signals

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14
Q

Thyroid hormones do what? important for?

A

-elevate cellular oxygen and metabolic rate
-important for growth and development

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15
Q

Thyroid gland location

A

-anterior to trachea, just inferior to the larynx/ thyroid cartilage
-anchored to first 2-3 tracheal rings

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16
Q

thyroid gland (descr.)

A

butterfly shape; right and left lobes joined by an isthmus
has large blood supply

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17
Q

thyroid is made of ____ and are surrounded by _____. In the middle of a follicle, there is _____

A

thyroid follicles
follicular cells (T thyrocytes) - has large nucleus
colloid = viscous protein-rich fluid inside follicles

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18
Q

T thyrocytes do what?

A

-produce a large protein, thyroglobulin (Tg), and store it in the lumen of the follicle.
-pump iodine into the lumen, and enzymes on their luminal surface will add iodine to the Tg.

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19
Q

thyroglobulin is the precursor for _____

A

thyroid hormone

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20
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) induces _____

A

thyrocytes to remove Tg from the lumen, cleave off T3, T4, and release them into the blood

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21
Q

Thyroid hormones are derivatives of the amino acid ______, with _____added.

A

tyrosine
iodine

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22
Q

The thyroid releases mainly ______, but ______ is the more active form. Peripheral tissues can convert _____. Both regulate metabolism.

A

thyroxine (T4)
triiodothyronine (T3)
T4 to T3

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23
Q

T4 has how many iodine molecules? T3 has how many iodine molecules?

A

-4
-3

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24
Q

hypothyroidism (def.) + symptoms

A

-too little thyroid hormones
-weight gain, fatigue, depression

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25
hyperthyroidism (def.) + symptoms
-too much thyroid hormones -weight loss, anxiety, difficulty sleeping, irregular heartbeat
26
______act as master regulators of endocrine system.
Hypothalamus and pituitary
27
regulation of thyroid function by hypothalamus + pituitary
hypothalamus releases TRH (thyroid releasing hormone) causing pituitary to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) --> release of T4 and T3 b thyroid
28
feed back loop of thyroid function
T4, T3 from thyroid --> negative feedback to pituitary and hypothalamus = decrease TSH from pituitary and TRH from hypothalamus
29
Pituitary Gland (aka _____)
Hypophysis cerebri
30
pituitary glans sits where?
sella turcica ("bony saddle")
31
pituitary gland is connected to brain via ______
pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
32
Label pituitary gland
- red: Infundibulum (pituitary stalk) -blue: Anterior lobe (Adenohypophysis) -look like a gland, has cuboidal epithelial cells -orange: Posterior lobe (Neurohypophysis) - has nerve terminals (axons)
33
Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System (DEF.) + label
a system of blood vessels that connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland blue: Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus red: Superior hypophyseal artery yellow: Primary capillary plexus green: Portal veins purple: Secondary capillary plexus black: Efferent veins
34
portal veins connect ___
two capillary beds
34
primary capillary plexus of portal system receives _____
neurotransmitters (now hormones since it's secreted in blood) from hypothalamus --> carries it to secondary plexus in anterior pituitary
35
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteininzing Hormone (LH) Prolactin (Prl) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
36
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) does what? Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)? Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)? Luteininzing Hormone (LH)? Prolactin (Prl)? Human Growth Hormone (hGH)? Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)?
-stimulates production of T3, T4 -stimulates production of glucocorticoid -follicle development and estrogen secretion, sperm maturation -ovulation, progesterone, testersterone secretion -milk production - growth -melanin production
37
label neurohypophysis
blue: Neurosecretory cells of supraoptic nucleus red: Neurosecretory cells of paraventricular nucleus green: Hypothalamohypophyseal tract purple: Inferior hypophyseal artery yellow: Capillary plexus of neurohypophysis black: Efferent veins
38
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Vasopressin aka Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Oxytocin
39
Vasopressin (ADH) function + made by ____
regulates concentration of urine functions in the regulation of blood pressure made by neurons of supraoptic nucleus in posterior pituitary
40
Oxytocin function + made by ____
stimulates uterine muscle contraction during childbirth stimulates release of milk from mammary glands (letdown) made by neurons of paraventricular nucleus
41
label Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
blue: corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) red: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
42
Adrenal (______) Glands
Suprarenal on top of the kidney
43
label adrenal gland
red: cortex blue: medulla
44
The cortex of adrenal gland stores ______
cholesterol and fatty acids to use in the synthesis of >24 steroid hormones (corticosteroids)
45
label layers of adrenal cortex
red: zona glomerulosa blue: zona fasciculata green: zona reticularis yellow: medulla
46
zona fasciculata of cortex creates _____ after stimulation by _____
Glucocorticoids (ex. cortisol) ACTH
47
cortisol function
-control a number of physiological functions for both resting homeostasis and in response to stress (e.g. glucose metabolism) -used for immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties
48
zona glomerulosa of cortex creates _____ (ex. _____), which does what?
Mineralocorticoids aldosterone controls electrolyte balance Increases renal absorption of Na+ and H2O Decreases renal absorption of K+
49
zona reticularis of cortex creates _____ (ex. _____), which does what?
Androgens Sex hormones Stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair Important source of androgens in adult females
50
Chromaffin Cells of Adrenal Medulla are ______ and are equivalent to _______
Neuroendocrine cells post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons
51
Chromaffin Cells of Adrenal Medulla releases ____ for _____
Release adrenaline/noradrenaline (epinephrine/norepinephrine) into blood Fast response to stress
52
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
53
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine function
Fight or flight response Increase cardiac output Increase blood pressure Increase blood glucose Effect release of lipids from adipose tissue
54
But not all organs are under direct hypothalamic/pituitary control (ex. ______)
pancreas (self regulating)- mostly exocrine function
55
label internal structure of pancreas
blue: exocrine pancreas red: capillaries black: islet of langehans- endocrine function
56
islet of langehans label + secretion
blue : alpha cell secretes glucagon (increase glucose- acts on liver) yellow: beta cell secretes insulin (decrease glucose- acts on body cells purple: delta cell secretes somatostatin (inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin)
57
Diabetes Mellitus (def.) + sympotoms
Inability to produce or use insulin Elevation of blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) Excretion of glucose in urine
58
types of diabetes mellitus
Two types Type I – 10%- autoimmune disease --> attacks B-cells Type II – 90%
59
Type I Diabetes (called _____) summary
-Autoimmune disease that destroys insulin-secreting cells of islets -Marked reduction of insulin levels -Called insulin-dependent diabetes -Can occur at any age but is more common between ages 5 – 20
60
Type II Diabetes (called _____) summary
-Combination of insulin-resistance and insulin-secretory defects -Target cells become less sensitive to insulin -Due to down-regulation of receptors -Called non-insulin-dependent diabetes -Correlates with age and obesity -Initial management by diet, exercise and weight loss
61
Other Endocrine Glands
Parathyroid glands Gonads Pineal gland Thymus gland
62
Parathyroid hormone produced by _____ that are where? functions?
parathyroid glands sit posterior to thyroid gland Increases Ca2+ in body fluids Decreases Ca2+ deposition in bone
63
Calcitonin produced by _____ that are where? functions?
produced by C-cells that reside in the thyroid (separate from thyroid function) Decreases Ca2+ in body fluids Increases Ca2+ deposition in bone
64
_____is ____ that secretes ____ and regulates ______
Pineal Gland Small midline structure at the posterior end of the 3rd ventricle Secretes melatonin Regulates biological clock
65
Thymus Gland secretes ______ which promotes _____
thymic hormones proliferation and maturation of T-lymphocytes
66
Gastrointestinal Tract produces ____different hormones that regulate activity of _____
20 GI tract and digestive glands
67
Kidneys produces ____ which increases _____ and ____ which increases _____
Erythropoietin - increases RBC production Renin - increases blood pressure
68
Heart secretes ____ which decreases ____
Atrial Natriuretic peptide Decreases blood pressure
69
Adipose tissue secretes ____ which are _____
Leptins Appetite suppressant

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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