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z:Anat 200 > Part 1: Tissue types > Flashcards

Part 1: Tissue types Flashcards

1
Q

the four basic tissue types are ____

A

-epithelium
-connective tissue
-muscle
-nerve

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2
Q

epithelial tissue forms barriers _____ and between ____

A

between inside & outside world and between compartments within the body

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3
Q

epithelial tissue covers ____

A

exposed body surfaces

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4
Q

epithelial tissues lines ___ (3)

A

hollow organs, body cavities & tubes of glands

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5
Q

epithelial tissues forms all ____

A

glands of the body

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6
Q

connective tissue links ____

A

tissues & organs together

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7
Q

connective tissue provides ____ & ____

A

structural & metabolic support

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8
Q

connective tissue stores ____ as ___

A

energy as fat

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9
Q

connective tissue forms which system?

A

the immune system

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10
Q

anything that isn’t muscle, nerve or epithelial tissue is ____ tissue

A

connective

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11
Q

connective tissue can be ____

A

liquid

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12
Q

fat, blood, lymph have this in common:

A

they are all connective tissues

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13
Q

muscle tissue is specialized for ____

A

contraction

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14
Q

muscle tissue generates force to ____ & ____

A

-produce motion of body parts
-move substances though blood vessels & hollow organs

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15
Q

tissue type that helps to maintain body temp by producing heat?

A

muscle tissue

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16
Q

nervous tissue detects ____ & receives/process signals from ___

A

-stimulus
-within body & external environment

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17
Q

nervous tissue generates & transmits ____

A

impulses that control & integrate the various functions

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18
Q

epithelia: continuous or non-continuous?

A

continuous- close together with tight junctions

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19
Q

epithelia: blood/nerve flow?

A

avascular but richly innervated

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20
Q

epithelia rest on ___

A

basal lamina

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21
Q

epithelia ECM?

A

little extracellular matrix

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22
Q

epithelia tissue ___ quickly

A

regenerates

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23
Q

epithelia is polarized with

A

different things on apical & basolateral surfaces and organelles are not homogenous

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24
Q

epithelial tissue is always associated with ___ which ___

A

connective tissue which provides nutrients to epithelial tissue

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25
Q

ECM from epithelium term

A

basal lamina

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26
Q

ECM from connective tissue term

A

reticular lamina

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27
Q

Basal lamina + reticular lamina =

A

basement membrane

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28
Q

different epithelial serves 5 functions

A

-absorption
-permeability
-secretion
-sensation
-protection

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29
Q

epithelia is classified based on 2 characteristics

A

-number of layers of cells
-shape of cells on the apical layer

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30
Q

number of layers: simple epithelia

A

one layer

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31
Q

number of layers: stratified epithelia

A

more than one layer

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32
Q

simple epithelia may have___

A

surface modifications like microvilli, cilia

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33
Q

stratified epithelia provides ___

A

protection

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34
Q

epithelia: squamous (def.)

A

squished shape

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35
Q

epithelia: cuboidal (def.)

A

cubed shape

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36
Q

epithelia: columnar (def.)

A

column shaped

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37
Q

simple squamous epithelium (descr.)

A

single layer of flat cells

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38
Q

mesothelium (def.)

A

simple squamous epithelium that lines body cavities

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39
Q

mesothelium secretes ___

A

lubricating substances to reduce friction

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40
Q

endothelium (def.)

A

simple squamous epithelium that lines heart chambers & blood vessels

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41
Q

endothelium controls ___

A

vessel permeability

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42
Q

simple squamous epithelium function

A

-Secretes serous fluid (reduces friction)
-controls vessel permeability
-allows material to pass by diffusion

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43
Q

simple squamous epithelium example (4)

A

-Mesothelium (body cavities),
-endothelium (blood cells)
-lungs
-forms serous membranes

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44
Q

simple squamous epithelium allows things to be ___

A

transported through the layer quickly

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45
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium (descr.)

A

single layer of cells where height equals width

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46
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium function

A

For secretion & absorption

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47
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium example (2)

A

Kidneys and ducts of glands

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48
Q

simple columnar epithelium (def.)

A

-single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

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49
Q

simple columnar epithelium function

A

For absorption, protection, secretion of mucous & enzymes

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50
Q

simple columnar epithelium example

A

Digestive tract

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51
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium (def.)

A

single layer of cells that looks like it has multiple layers because nuclei appear at multiple levels

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52
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium: cells touch ___ but not all may reach ___ surface

A

-basal lamina
-luminal/apical

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53
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium function

A

protection, secretion of mucous, motility

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54
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium example

A

respiratory tract

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55
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium (def.)

A

Multiple layers of cells with outer most layer being flat

56
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium function

A

-where mechanical stresses are severe
-protection against abrasion, pathogens, & chemicals

57
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium example

A

-Skin (epidermis) with keratin (dehydration)
-oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anal
canal, vaginal canal

58
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium (def.)

A

Two/three layers of cells with outermost layer of equal height & width

59
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium function

A

Protection & secretion of importance

60
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium example

A

Ducts of sweat glands & mammary glands

61
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium (def.)

A

Two/multiple layers of cell with outermost layer with greater height than width

62
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium function

A

Very rare in humans – location where 2
organ systems exist (dual function)

63
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium example

A

Male reproductive tract

64
Q

Transitional epithelium (def.)

A

Multiple layers of cells with outermost cells being large & dome-shaped

65
Q

Transitional epithelium function

A

Changes in appearance (outermost layer can stretch/expansion) for protection

66
Q

Transitional epithelium example

A

Urinary system

67
Q

glands are composed of ___

A

epithelial cells

68
Q

glands are formed by ___

A

growth of epithelial cells into connective tissue

69
Q

exocrine glands release ___

A

secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces

70
Q

endocrine glands lack __ and secrete ___

A

ducts and secrete hormones into the blood

71
Q

exocrine glands have 3 types of secretion:

A
  • merocrine
  • apocrine
  • holocrine
72
Q

merocrine secretion (def.) + example

A
  • normal exocytosis

- sweat gland

73
Q

apocrine secretion (def.) + example

A
  • apical surface pinched off

- mammary gland

74
Q

holocrine secretion (def.) + example

A
  • entire cell released

- sebaceous gland

75
Q

connective tissue characteristics (6)

A
  • cells dispersed in abundant ECM
  • link different tissues together
  • link tissues & organs together to generate overall body form (eg. Fascia)
  • aid with wound repair
  • protects body against infection (immune cells)
  • provides structural & metabolic support to other tissues + organs
76
Q

Fascia (def.)

A

-thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place

77
Q

ECM contains _____ (3)

A

fibers, ground substance, & fluid

78
Q

Ground substance is ____ (def.)

A

an amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space

79
Q

connective tissue structure (5)

A
  • fibroblasts secrete ECM & produce different fibers
  • ground substance - provides compression strength
  • fibers
  • adipocytes
  • macrophages (immune response)
80
Q

fibers in connective tissues (3)

A
  • collagen: tensile strength
  • elastic: thin rubber-like
  • reticular fibers: scaffold/support branching network
81
Q

fibroblast (def.)

A

a type of immature cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue

82
Q

classification of connective tissue is based on ____(3)

A
  • density of fibers
  • types of fibers
  • specific cell types
83
Q

3 types of connective tissues

A
  • connective tissue proper
  • fluid connective tissues
  • supporting connective tissues
84
Q

connective tissue proper (def.)

A

-many types of cells & EC fibers in a syrupy/gel ground substance

85
Q

fluid connective tissues (def.)

A

-distinctive population of cells suspended in a watery matrix containing dissolved proteins

86
Q

supporting connective tissues (def.)

A

-more homogenous population of cells & matrix contains closely packed fibers (very hard ECM)

87
Q

most abundant type of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper

88
Q

2 types of connective tissue proper

A
  • loose: fibers create loose, open framework

- dense: fibers densely packed

89
Q

2 types of fluid connective tissues

A
  • blood: contained in circulatory system

- lymph: contained in lymphatic system

90
Q

2 types of supporting connective tissues

A
  • cartilage: solid, rubbery matrix

- bone: solid, crystalline matrix

91
Q

membranes are composed of _____ (2)

A

-epithelium & connective tissue

92
Q

membranes line ___ (3)

A

surfaces, cavities, & hollow organs

93
Q

membranes types + example (4)

A
  • mucous membrane (ex. oral cavity)
  • serous membrane (ex. body cavities)
  • cutaneous membrane (ex. skin)
  • synovial membrane (ex. joints that move)
94
Q

mesenchyme is found___ and remains ___

A
  • in developing embryo

- as stem cells in adult tissue

95
Q

Mesenchyme (def.) is a type of ____

A

loosely organized animal embryonic connective tissue of undifferentiated cells that give rise to most tissues, such as skin, blood or bone.

96
Q

CT proper: Loose connective tissue characteristics (2)

A
  • packing material: fills spaces between organs, provide cushioning & support
  • abundance of ground substance or cells, few fibers
97
Q

3 types of loose connective tissue

A
  • areolar
  • adipose
  • reticular
98
Q

areolar connective tissue (def.)

A
  • most common, least specialized

- links tissues, organs

99
Q

framework for areolar connective tissue

A

-open framework - ground substance & elastic fibers (for expansion)

100
Q

adipose connective tissue (def.)

A
  • fat tissue

- forms deposits in specific areas of body

101
Q

adipose connective tissue function (3)

A

-padding, insulation, energy storage

102
Q

reticular connective tissue description

A

-network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance + reticular cells

103
Q

reticular cells

A

-fibroblasts that produce reticular fibers

104
Q

reticular connective tissue function

A

form soft internal skeleton that support other cell types

105
Q

reticular connective tissue location

A

-lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)

106
Q

dense connective tissue description

A
  • abundance of fibers

- relatively little ground substance & few cells

107
Q

2 dense connective tissue types

A
  • regular

- irregular

108
Q

dense regular connective tissue description + forms what ____

A
  • fibers aligned in one direction

- forms tendons (muscle to bone) & ligaments (bone to bone)

109
Q

dense irregular connective tissue description + location

A
  • fibers unaligned & run at a variety of angles

- forms dermis of skin, organ capsules, sheaths around bones, muscles & nerves

110
Q

dense irregular connective tissue function

A

-needs structure but need things to pass by

111
Q

blood description

A
  • composed of blood cells & plasma

- plasma forms fluid matrix

112
Q

lymph description

A
  • composed of lymphocytes & lymph fluid

- lymph fluid = dilute solution of proteins& excess interstitial fluid

113
Q

supporting connective tissue forms ___

A

extensive incompressible matrix

114
Q

supporting connective tissue support __

A

soft tissues of the body

115
Q

differences between cartilage & bone

A
  • bone is highly vascularized

- fibers types differ

116
Q

2 characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  • elongated cells

- specialized to contract (actin & myosin) & generated force

117
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
118
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscle (4)

A
  • cylindrical, multiple peripheral nuclei
  • striated
  • powerful contraction but easily fatigued
  • attached to bone
  • voluntary contractions (somatic innervation)
119
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • branched with intercalated disks, single central nucleus
  • striated
  • specialized for continuous & rhythmic beating (only in heart)
  • involuntary contractions (autonomic innervation)
120
Q

characteristics of smooth muscle

A
  • spindle-shaped, central nucleus
  • non-striated (actin + myosin not in organized banding pattern)
  • slow sustained contractions
  • involuntary contractions (autonomic innervation)
121
Q

characteristic of nervous tissue (2)

A
  • large cells (neurons) with elongated cell processes

- smaller cells (glial cells) support (metabolic & structural), protect, & provide framework

122
Q

neurons are (description) (2)

A
  • highly asymmetrical cells with long cytoplasmic processes

- impulse conducting cells

123
Q

neurons: cell body/soma has __

A

nucleus + most organelles

124
Q

neurons: dendrites __(3)

A
  • short processes & branch frequently
  • makes contact with axon terminals
  • transmits impulses to cell body
125
Q

neurons: axon is __ that ____(2)

A

-long process (from axon hillock) with terminal branches that transmits impulses away from cell body

126
Q

neurons: presynaptic terminals__(2)

A

-contain neurotransmitter vesicles to stimulate next neuron, muscle, or gland

127
Q

neurons parts (4)

A

cell body, dendrites, axons, presynaptic terminals

128
Q

basic neural function

A

stimulus –>CNS –> processing in CNS –> response

129
Q

most axons in CNS/PNS are insulated by ____

A

myelin sheath

130
Q

myelin sheath is produced by ___
glial cell:___(CNS)
glial cell:___(PNS)

A

glial cell
CNS: oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cells

131
Q

myelin sheath increases ___

A

conduction velocity

132
Q

supporting cells of PNS

A

-Schwann cells

133
Q

supporting cells of CNS (4)

A

-astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia

134
Q

astrocytes function

A

physical support, metabolic & ionic homeostasis, protection

135
Q

oligodendrocytes function

A

myelin sheath

136
Q

ependymal cells function

A

produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

137
Q

microglia function

A

macrophages

z:Anat 200 (23 decks)

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