Part 1: Tissue types Flashcards
the four basic tissue types are ____
-epithelium
-connective tissue
-muscle
-nerve
epithelial tissue forms barriers _____ and between ____
between inside & outside world and between compartments within the body
epithelial tissue covers ____
exposed body surfaces
epithelial tissues lines ___ (3)
hollow organs, body cavities & tubes of glands
epithelial tissues forms all ____
glands of the body
connective tissue links ____
tissues & organs together
connective tissue provides ____ & ____
structural & metabolic support
connective tissue stores ____ as ___
energy as fat
connective tissue forms which system?
the immune system
anything that isn’t muscle, nerve or epithelial tissue is ____ tissue
connective
connective tissue can be ____
liquid
fat, blood, lymph have this in common:
they are all connective tissues
muscle tissue is specialized for ____
contraction
muscle tissue generates force to ____ & ____
-produce motion of body parts
-move substances though blood vessels & hollow organs
tissue type that helps to maintain body temp by producing heat?
muscle tissue
nervous tissue detects ____ & receives/process signals from ___
-stimulus
-within body & external environment
nervous tissue generates & transmits ____
impulses that control & integrate the various functions
epithelia: continuous or non-continuous?
continuous- close together with tight junctions
epithelia: blood/nerve flow?
avascular but richly innervated
epithelia rest on ___
basal lamina
epithelia ECM?
little extracellular matrix
epithelia tissue ___ quickly
regenerates
epithelia is polarized with
different things on apical & basolateral surfaces and organelles are not homogenous
epithelial tissue is always associated with ___ which ___
connective tissue which provides nutrients to epithelial tissue
ECM from epithelium term
basal lamina
ECM from connective tissue term
reticular lamina
Basal lamina + reticular lamina =
basement membrane
different epithelial serves 5 functions
-absorption
-permeability
-secretion
-sensation
-protection
epithelia is classified based on 2 characteristics
-number of layers of cells
-shape of cells on the apical layer
number of layers: simple epithelia
one layer
number of layers: stratified epithelia
more than one layer
simple epithelia may have___
surface modifications like microvilli, cilia
stratified epithelia provides ___
protection
epithelia: squamous (def.)
squished shape
epithelia: cuboidal (def.)
cubed shape
epithelia: columnar (def.)
column shaped
simple squamous epithelium (descr.)
single layer of flat cells
mesothelium (def.)
simple squamous epithelium that lines body cavities
mesothelium secretes ___
lubricating substances to reduce friction
endothelium (def.)
simple squamous epithelium that lines heart chambers & blood vessels
endothelium controls ___
vessel permeability
simple squamous epithelium function
-Secretes serous fluid (reduces friction)
-controls vessel permeability
-allows material to pass by diffusion
simple squamous epithelium example (4)
-Mesothelium (body cavities),
-endothelium (blood cells)
-lungs
-forms serous membranes
simple squamous epithelium allows things to be ___
transported through the layer quickly
simple cuboidal epithelium (descr.)
single layer of cells where height equals width
simple cuboidal epithelium function
For secretion & absorption
simple cuboidal epithelium example (2)
Kidneys and ducts of glands
simple columnar epithelium (def.)
-single layer of cells that are taller than they are wide
simple columnar epithelium function
For absorption, protection, secretion of mucous & enzymes
simple columnar epithelium example
Digestive tract
pseudostratified columnar epithelium (def.)
single layer of cells that looks like it has multiple layers because nuclei appear at multiple levels
pseudostratified columnar epithelium: cells touch ___ but not all may reach ___ surface
-basal lamina
-luminal/apical
pseudostratified columnar epithelium function
protection, secretion of mucous, motility
pseudostratified columnar epithelium example
respiratory tract
Stratified squamous epithelium (def.)
Multiple layers of cells with outer most layer being flat
Stratified squamous epithelium function
-where mechanical stresses are severe
-protection against abrasion, pathogens, & chemicals
Stratified squamous epithelium example
-Skin (epidermis) with keratin (dehydration)
-oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anal
canal, vaginal canal
Stratified cuboidal epithelium (def.)
Two/three layers of cells with outermost layer of equal height & width
Stratified cuboidal epithelium function
Protection & secretion of importance
Stratified cuboidal epithelium example
Ducts of sweat glands & mammary glands
Stratified columnar epithelium (def.)
Two/multiple layers of cell with outermost layer with greater height than width
Stratified columnar epithelium function
Very rare in humans – location where 2
organ systems exist (dual function)
Stratified columnar epithelium example
Male reproductive tract
Transitional epithelium (def.)
Multiple layers of cells with outermost cells being large & dome-shaped
Transitional epithelium function
Changes in appearance (outermost layer can stretch/expansion) for protection
Transitional epithelium example
Urinary system
glands are composed of ___
epithelial cells
glands are formed by ___
growth of epithelial cells into connective tissue
exocrine glands release ___
secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces
endocrine glands lack __ and secrete ___
ducts and secrete hormones into the blood
exocrine glands have 3 types of secretion:
- merocrine
- apocrine
- holocrine
merocrine secretion (def.) + example
- normal exocytosis
- sweat gland
apocrine secretion (def.) + example
- apical surface pinched off
- mammary gland
holocrine secretion (def.) + example
- entire cell released
- sebaceous gland
connective tissue characteristics (6)
- cells dispersed in abundant ECM
- link different tissues together
- link tissues & organs together to generate overall body form (eg. Fascia)
- aid with wound repair
- protects body against infection (immune cells)
- provides structural & metabolic support to other tissues + organs
Fascia (def.)
-thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place
ECM contains _____ (3)
fibers, ground substance, & fluid
Ground substance is ____ (def.)
an amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space
connective tissue structure (5)
- fibroblasts secrete ECM & produce different fibers
- ground substance - provides compression strength
- fibers
- adipocytes
- macrophages (immune response)
fibers in connective tissues (3)
- collagen: tensile strength
- elastic: thin rubber-like
- reticular fibers: scaffold/support branching network
fibroblast (def.)
a type of immature cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue
classification of connective tissue is based on ____(3)
- density of fibers
- types of fibers
- specific cell types
3 types of connective tissues
- connective tissue proper
- fluid connective tissues
- supporting connective tissues
connective tissue proper (def.)
-many types of cells & EC fibers in a syrupy/gel ground substance
fluid connective tissues (def.)
-distinctive population of cells suspended in a watery matrix containing dissolved proteins
supporting connective tissues (def.)
-more homogenous population of cells & matrix contains closely packed fibers (very hard ECM)
most abundant type of connective tissue
connective tissue proper
2 types of connective tissue proper
- loose: fibers create loose, open framework
- dense: fibers densely packed
2 types of fluid connective tissues
- blood: contained in circulatory system
- lymph: contained in lymphatic system
2 types of supporting connective tissues
- cartilage: solid, rubbery matrix
- bone: solid, crystalline matrix
membranes are composed of _____ (2)
-epithelium & connective tissue
membranes line ___ (3)
surfaces, cavities, & hollow organs
membranes types + example (4)
- mucous membrane (ex. oral cavity)
- serous membrane (ex. body cavities)
- cutaneous membrane (ex. skin)
- synovial membrane (ex. joints that move)
mesenchyme is found___ and remains ___
- in developing embryo
- as stem cells in adult tissue
Mesenchyme (def.) is a type of ____
loosely organized animal embryonic connective tissue of undifferentiated cells that give rise to most tissues, such as skin, blood or bone.
CT proper: Loose connective tissue characteristics (2)
- packing material: fills spaces between organs, provide cushioning & support
- abundance of ground substance or cells, few fibers
3 types of loose connective tissue
- areolar
- adipose
- reticular
areolar connective tissue (def.)
- most common, least specialized
- links tissues, organs
framework for areolar connective tissue
-open framework - ground substance & elastic fibers (for expansion)
adipose connective tissue (def.)
- fat tissue
- forms deposits in specific areas of body
adipose connective tissue function (3)
-padding, insulation, energy storage
reticular connective tissue description
-network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance + reticular cells
reticular cells
-fibroblasts that produce reticular fibers
reticular connective tissue function
form soft internal skeleton that support other cell types
reticular connective tissue location
-lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)
dense connective tissue description
- abundance of fibers
- relatively little ground substance & few cells
2 dense connective tissue types
- regular
- irregular
dense regular connective tissue description + forms what ____
- fibers aligned in one direction
- forms tendons (muscle to bone) & ligaments (bone to bone)
dense irregular connective tissue description + location
- fibers unaligned & run at a variety of angles
- forms dermis of skin, organ capsules, sheaths around bones, muscles & nerves
dense irregular connective tissue function
-needs structure but need things to pass by
blood description
- composed of blood cells & plasma
- plasma forms fluid matrix
lymph description
- composed of lymphocytes & lymph fluid
- lymph fluid = dilute solution of proteins& excess interstitial fluid
supporting connective tissue forms ___
extensive incompressible matrix
supporting connective tissue support __
soft tissues of the body
differences between cartilage & bone
- bone is highly vascularized
- fibers types differ
2 characteristics of muscle tissue
- elongated cells
- specialized to contract (actin & myosin) & generated force
3 types of muscle tissue
- skeletal
- smooth
- cardiac
characteristics of skeletal muscle (4)
- cylindrical, multiple peripheral nuclei
- striated
- powerful contraction but easily fatigued
- attached to bone
- voluntary contractions (somatic innervation)
characteristics of cardiac muscle
- branched with intercalated disks, single central nucleus
- striated
- specialized for continuous & rhythmic beating (only in heart)
- involuntary contractions (autonomic innervation)
characteristics of smooth muscle
- spindle-shaped, central nucleus
- non-striated (actin + myosin not in organized banding pattern)
- slow sustained contractions
- involuntary contractions (autonomic innervation)
characteristic of nervous tissue (2)
- large cells (neurons) with elongated cell processes
- smaller cells (glial cells) support (metabolic & structural), protect, & provide framework
neurons are (description) (2)
- highly asymmetrical cells with long cytoplasmic processes
- impulse conducting cells
neurons: cell body/soma has __
nucleus + most organelles
neurons: dendrites __(3)
- short processes & branch frequently
- makes contact with axon terminals
- transmits impulses to cell body
neurons: axon is __ that ____(2)
-long process (from axon hillock) with terminal branches that transmits impulses away from cell body
neurons: presynaptic terminals__(2)
-contain neurotransmitter vesicles to stimulate next neuron, muscle, or gland
neurons parts (4)
cell body, dendrites, axons, presynaptic terminals
basic neural function
stimulus –>CNS –> processing in CNS –> response
most axons in CNS/PNS are insulated by ____
myelin sheath
myelin sheath is produced by ___
glial cell:___(CNS)
glial cell:___(PNS)
glial cell
CNS: oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cells
myelin sheath increases ___
conduction velocity
supporting cells of PNS
-Schwann cells
supporting cells of CNS (4)
-astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia
astrocytes function
physical support, metabolic & ionic homeostasis, protection
oligodendrocytes function
myelin sheath
ependymal cells function
produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
microglia function
macrophages
