Parkinson's Disease Flashcards
What characterizes Parkinson’s disease.
Clinical condition is characterized by gradual slowing a voluntary movement (bradykinesia); muscular rigidity; stupid posture; distinctive gate with short, accelerating steps; managed facial expression; and resting tremor.
What is Parkinson’s disease
It is a degeneration of the substantia nigra in the basal ganglia of the midbrain, which leads to depletion of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Dopamine is normally produced and stored in the substantia nigra and promotes smooth, purposeful movements and modulation of motor function. Depletion of dopamine leads to impairment of the extrapyramidal tracks and consequent loss of movement coordination
What percentage of DA neurons are lost before the patient begins to have the motor signs of Parkinson’s disease
80%
The majority of all cases of classic Parkinson’s disease are what
Primary, or idiopathic, and secondary
What is secondary or iatrogenic Parkinson’s disease
Is drug or chemical related (dopamine)
His Parkinson’s a genetic disease
Yes
In Parkinson’s disease, what are some complications that can occur
Injuries from Falls, skin breakdown from immobility, and urinary tract infections
Death is usually caused by what in patients that have Parkinson’s disease
Aspiration pneumonia or other infections
What is juvenile parkinsonism
It’s associated and people younger than age 40 who have Wilson’s disease, progressive lenticular degeneration, or Huntington’s disease.
Which gender does Parkinson’s disease affect more
Men slightly more often than it does want to
What race has a higher incidence of Parkinson’s disease
Hispanics/Latinos and whites
Parkinson’s disease progresses through stages what is the first stage
Mild unilateral dysfunction
What is the second stage Parkinson’s disease
Mild bilateral dysfunction, as evidenced by expressionless face and gait changes
What is the third stage of Parkinson’s disease
Increasing dysfunction, with difficulties in walking, initiating movements, and maintaining equilibrium
What is the fourth stage of Parkinson’s disease
Severe disability, including difficulties in walking in maintaining balance and steady propulsion, Rigidity, and slow to movement.
The last stage of Parkinson’s disease
Invalidism, which requires total care
What are the three cardinal signs of Parkinson’s disease
Involuntary tremors, akinesia, and progressive muscle rigidity
What is the first symptom of Parkinson’s disease usually shown
A course, rest tremor of the fingers and thumb (pill rolling movement) of one hand. It occurs at rest and intensifies with stress, fatigue, cold, or excitation
The tremors of the Parkinson’s disease patient disappears during what time
During sleep or purposeful movement
Where else can tremors occur in a Parkinson’s disease patient
Tongue, lips, jaw, chin, and closed eyelids. Eventually, the tremors can spread to the foot on the same side and then to the limbs on the other side of the body
The diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease is made on the basis of two out of the four important symptoms. What are the four symptoms.
Resting tremor, bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity ( rigidity of a muscle that gives way in a series of little jerks when passive stretching occurs), and postural instability;
What is one of the two symptoms that must be present in order for the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease to be made
Resting tremor or bradykinesia
Why would you want To check to see for alterations in the respiratory status?
Rigidity of the intercostal muscles may decrease breath sounds or cause labored respirations
What are the rare complications of Parkinson’s disease that involves the eyeballs and the eyelids.
Eyeballs fixed in an upward direction or eyelids completely closed
What are some autonomic disorders that are manifested in Parkinson’s disease.
Hypothalamic dysfunction, parkinson’s perspiration, heat intolerance, seborrhea, and excess oil production.
Parkinson’s disease does not usually affect what ability
Intellectual ability
What are some antiparkinson drugs
Levodopa (L-dopa); carbidopa levodopa (sinemet)
What does antiparkinson drugs to
Controls Tremors and rigidity; converted to dopamine in the basal ganglia
What class and what does Amantadine hydrochloride (symmetrel) do.
Antiviral, controls tremor and rigidity by increasing the release of dopamine to the basal ganglia
Artane (trihexyphenidyl), Cogentin (benztropine mesylate) are what class of drugs
Synthetic anticholinergics.
What does synthetic anticholinergics do
Block acetylcholine stimulated nerves that lead to tremors
What are the nursing interventions for Parkinson’s disease
Promote independence in the patient such as encouraging maximum participation in self-care activities, reinforce occupational physical therapy recommendations, facilitate communication such as having patient to speak slowly and to practice deep breathing exercises to promote chest expansion and adequate air exchange, maintain nutritional status by monitoring weight intake and output. And finally help the patient maintain a positive self image.
