Nutrition ch.44 Flashcards
Macrominerals help to balance the what of the body?
pH
what is the term for sufficient food that is available on a consistent basis; and the household has resources to obtain appropriate food for a nutritious diet.
food security
what are vitamins A,D,E, and K that are stored in the fatty compartments of the body.
fat-soluble vitamins
what is the structural part of plants that is not broken down by the human digestive enzymes therefore it does not contribute calories to the diet.
fiber
When the body is unable to burn glucose it burns fat and this produces a chemical called what… This occurs when there is too little insulin for the amount of glucose in the body
ketone
specific nutritional therapies to treat an illness, injury, or condition
Medical nutrition therapy
are inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in biochemical reactions.
minerals
growth, normal pregnancy, maintenance of lean muscle mass and vital organs, and wound healing are the result of what balance
positive nitrogen balance.
in what conditions would you have negative nitrogen balance
infection, burns, fever, starvation, head injury, and trauma.
what are vitamins C and the B complex (which is eight vitamins).
water soluble
why shouldn’t infants not have regular cow’s milk during the first year of life.
it causes gastrointestinal bleeding, is too concentrated for the infant’s kidneys to manage, increases the risk of milk product allergies, and is a poor source of iron and vitamins C and E
what is the Valsalva maneuver and what is it’s purpose
(holding the breath and “bearing down”) The increased venous pressure created by the maneuver prevents air from entering the bloodstream during catheter insertion
Delayed gastric emptying is a concern if how many mL of GRV(gastric residual volume) or more remains in the patient’s stomach on each of two consecutive assessments(1 hour apart) or if a single GRV measurement exceeds how many mL
250 and 500
what are the multiple benefits of breastfeeding for the infant and mother
fewer food allergies and intolerance; fewer infant infections; easier digestion; increased time for mother and infant interaction.
if and infant is allergic or intolerant to cow’s milk, what alternative formula is used.
soy protein.
why shouldn’t honey and corn syrup be included into the infants diet
they are potential sources of botulism toxin, and is potentially fatal in children under 1 year of age.
what are the most important nonmilk source of protein for infants 4 to 11 months.
cerals
caregivers should introduce new foods for potential allergies at what rate and approximately how many days apart
one at a time and 4 to 7 days apart.
Toddlers who consume more than 24 ounces of milk daily in place of other foods sometimes develop what condition and why?
Milk anemia, because milk is a poor source of iron
Toddlers need to drink ____ until the age of ____ to make sure that there is adequate intake of fatty acids this necessary for brain and neurological development
Whole milk, two years
Iodine supports increased ___ activity
Thyroid
Pregnancy occurring within how many years of Menarche places a mother and fetus at risk because of anatomical and physiological immaturity
Four years
Protein intake throughout pregnancy is increase to how many grams daily
60 grams
Folic acid intake is particularly important for ____ synthesis and the growth of what cells
DNA synthesis, red blood cells
Fetal neural tube defects, anencephaly, or maternal megaloblastic anemia are caused by an inadequate intake of what substance.
Folic acid
Women of childbearing age need to consume how many micrograms of folic acid daily, increasing to how many micrograms daily during pregnancy
400, 600
Lactating women needs how many calories per day above the usual allowance because the production of milk increases energy requirements
500
Protein requirements during lactation a greater than those required during what for the woman
Pregnancy
Water-soluble vitamins such as vitamins B and C is necessary to ensure adequate levels in what
Breast milk
intake of what substances should be avoided in breast milk
Caffeine, alcohol, and drugs
Decreased drug absorption with food and overdose associated with liver failure is caused by what analgesic
acetaminophen
Absorbed directly through stomach; decreased drug absorption with food; decreased folic acid, vitamins C and K, and iron absorption is caused by what analgesic
Aspirin
Decreased phosphate absorption is caused by what anti-acid
Aluminum hydroxide
Decreased Folic acid absorption is caused by what antiacid
Sodium bicarbonate
Taste alteration is caused by what antiarrhythmic drugs
Amiodarone (codarone)
Anorexia, decreased renal clearance in older people is caused by what Antiarrhythmic drug
Digitalis
Decreased drug absorption with food, taste alteration is caused by what antibiotic
Penicillin
Decreased vitamin K absorption is the effect of what antibiotic
Cephalosporin
Decreased vitamin B6, niacin, vitamin D
Rifampin (rifadin)
Decreased drug absorption with milk and antiacids; decrease nutrient absorption of calcium, riboflavin, vitamin C caused by binding is the effect of what antibiotic
Tetracycline
Decreased folic acid is the effect of what antibiotic
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Pour oral hygiene and periodontal disease are potential risk factors for what systemic diseases
Joint infections, ischemic stroke, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and aspiration pneumonia
Caution older adults to avoid grapefruit and grapefruit juice is because of what reason
They alter absorption of many drugs
Symptoms of dehydration and all the adults include what
Confusion; weakness; hot, dry skin; furrowed tongue; rapid pulse; and high urinary sodium
What anticoagulant acts as a antagonist to vitamin K
Warfarin (Coumadin)
What anticonvulsant increase absorption with food
Carbamazepine (tegretol)
This anticonvulsant decrease calcium absorption, decreases Vitamins D & K and folic acid, taste alteration occurs, and decreased drug absorption with food
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
What antidepressant stimulates appetite
Amitriptyline
What Antidepressant causes an alteration in taste and is a appetite stimulant
Clomiprimine (anafranil)
What antihypertensive causes taste alteration and anorexia
Captopril (capoten)
Enhanced drug absorption with food and decreased vitamin B6 are caused by what antihypertensive
Hydralazine
Taste alteration, weight gain for all beta blockers
Labetalol (normodyne)
Decrease vitamin B12, folic acid, iron are caused by what antihypertensives.
Methyldopa
What steroids Increase appetite and weight, increase Folic acid, decrease calcium ( osteoporosis with long-term use), and promotes gluconeogenesis of protein
All steroids
Taste alteration, decreased vitamin B6 and drug absorption of food occurs in what anti-parkinson drug
Levodopa (dopar)
Wanted to antipsychotic drug increases appetite
Chlorpromazine
What bronchodilator stimulates appetite
Albuterol sulfate
What bronchodilator has the effect of causing anorexia
Theophylline
Decreased fat soluble vitamins A D E K and vitamin D 12 and iron are found in what cholesterol-lowering drug
Cholestyramine (prevalite)
Decrease in Drug absorption of food is the effect from what diuretics
Furosemide (lasix) and spironolactone (aldactone)
Decreased magnesium, zinc, and potassium is from the effect of what diuretic
Thiazide
Decreased absorption fat-soluble vitamins ADE K and carotene is from the effect of what laxative
Mineral oil.
Potassium replacement or potassium chloride causes what effect in Drugs nutrition interaction
Decreased vitamin B12
Is the consumption of a diet consisting predominantly a plant foods
Vegetarianism
Some vegetarians avoid meat fish and poultry but eat eggs and milk they are called what
Ovo-lacto vegetarian
A vegetarian that drinks milk but avoids eggs
Lactovegetarians
People that only consume plant foods
Vegans
This diet primarily consists of brown rice grains and herb teas
Zen macrobiotic
This type of diet only eats fruits nuts honey and olive oil
Fruitarian
Patients fed only by IV infusion of what are at risk for nutritional deficiencies
5% or 10% dextrose
Is a measurement system of the size and makeup of the body. nurses obtain height and weight for each patient on hospital admission or entry into any healthcare setting
Anthropometry
Rapid weight gain a loss is important to note because it usually reflects what change
Fluid shifts
1 pint or 500 ML of fluid equals how many pounds
1 pound
How do you calculate BMI
Dividing the patient’s weight in kilograms by height in meters squared.
The patient is overweight is his or her BMI is at what
25 to 30
To be migrated and 30 is defined as what
30 is defined as obesity and places a patient at higher medical risk of corner heart disease, some cancers, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension
What factors that frequently alter test results for malnutrition
Fluid balance, liver function, kidney function, and the presence of disease
Laboratory tests used to study nutritional status include measures of what
Albumin, transferrin, prealbumin, retinal binding protein, total iron binding capacity, and hemoglobin
What is a metabolic half-life of albumin
21 days
What is the metabolic half-life of transferrin
8 days
What is a metabolic half-life of prealbumin
Two days
What is a metabolic half-life of retinal binding protein
12 hours
What are some factors that affect Serum albumin levels
Hydration; hemorrhage; renal or hepatic disease; large amounts of drainage from wounds, drains, burns, or the G.I. tract; steroid administration; Exogenesis albumin infusions; age; and trauma, burns, stress, or surgery
Albumin level is a better indicator for kinda of illnesses
Chronic illnesses
Prealbumin level is preferred for what conditions
Acute conditions
What are some myogenic causes of dysphagia
Mystenia gravis, aging, muscular dystrophy, polymyositis
What are some neurogenic causes of dysphagia
Stroke, cerebral palsy, Gullian-barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis a.k.a. Lou Gehrig’s disease, diabetic neuropathy, Parkinson’s disease
What are some obstructive causes
Benign peptic stricture, lower esophageal ring, candidiasis, head and neck cancer, inflammatory masses, trauma/surgical resection, anterior mediastinal, cervical spondylosis
What are some complications of dysphagia include
Aspiration pneumonia, dehydration, decreased nutritional status, and weight loss.
Where the warning signs a dysphasia
Cough during eating; change in voice tone quality after swallowing; abnormal movements of the mouth, tongue, or lips; slow, weak, imprecise, or uncoordinated speech. Abnormal gag, delayed swallowing, incomplete or clearance or pocketing, regurgitation, Pharyngeal pulling, delayed or absent trigger of swallow, and inability to speak consistently are other signs of dysphasia
What is silent aspiration
It often occurs without a cough and symptoms usually do not appear for 24 hours so aspiration counts for most of 40 to 70% of aspiration in patients with dysphasia following stroke
