endocrinology Flashcards
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Pituitary gland(aka hypophysis)
It is known as the master gland because it regulates many body activities and stimulates other glands to secrete their own specific hormones.
Glucagon
Hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that increases the blood glucose level by stimulating the liver to change stored glycogen to glucose.
Insulin
Hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that acts to remove glucose from the blood by promoting its storage in tissues as carbohydrates(glycogen)
Sympathometic(sim-pa-tho-mim-ET-ik)
Agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are sympathomimetic hormones because they produce effects that mimic those brought about by the sympathetic nervous system.
Target
Structure, organ or tissue to which a hormone exerts its specific effects.
Crin/o
Secrete
Ex. Endocrinology- study of the endocrine system.
Glycogenolysis
When liver converts stored glycogen to glucose
Glycos/o
Sugar
Ex. Glycosuria(gli-ko-SU-re-a)- abnormal amount of glucose in the urine.
Dipsia
Thirst
Ex. Polydipsia(pol-e-DIP-se-uh)- excessive thirst. One of the three “polys”( polyuria, and polyphagia) thats usually associated with diabetes.
-gen
Forming, producing, origin
Ex. Androgen- any steroid hormone that increases masculinization.
Myxedema
a condition characterized by thickening of the skin blunting of the senses and intellect and labored speech associated with hypothyroidism, low blood levels of t3 and t4, weight gain, fatigue, and depression.
Graves disease
the thyroid gets its production orders through a chemical called thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), released by the pituitary gland in the brain. But in Graves’ disease, a malfunction in the body’s immune system releases abnormal antibodies that mimic TSH. Spurred by these false signals to produce, the thyroid’s hormone factories work overtime and exceed their normal quota.
Exophthalmos (ex·oph·thal·mos
[ek-sof-thal-muh s, -mos
])
protrusion of the eyeball from the orbit caused by disease especially hyperthyroidism or injury
Cretinism
a congenital disease due to absence or deficiency of normal thyroid secretion characterized by physical deformity dwarfism and mental retardation and often by goiter
Goiter
an enlargement of the thyroid gland on the front and sides of the neck usually symptomatic of abnormal thyroid secretion especially hypothyroidism due to a lack of iodine in the diet
Toxic goiter
May occur because of excessive release of TSH of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
Hyperparathyroidism
overactivity of the parathyroid gland characterized by softening of the bones with consequent pain tenderness and a tendency to spontaneous fractures and by muscular weakness and abdominal cramps. It’s commonly caused by a benign tumor.
Osteitis fibrosa cystica
A condition associated with hyperparathyroidism in which bone tissue is gradually replaced by cysts and fibers.
Adenoma
a benign tumor originating in a secretory gland
2.
a benign tumor of glandlike structure
Von recklinghausen disease
Is characterized by spots of increased skin pigmentation, combined with peripheral nerve tumors and a variety of others dysplastic abnormalities of the skin, nervous system, bones, endocrine organs and blood vessels.
Addison disease
In Addison’s disease, the adrenal glands don’t make enough of a hormone called cortisol, or less often, a related hormone called aldosterone. That’s why doctors sometimes call the illness chronic adrenal insufficiency, or hypocortisolism.
Cortisol’s most important function is to help the body respond to stress. It also helps regulate your body’s use of protein, carbohydrates, and fat; helps maintain blood pressure and cardiovascular function; and control inflammation. Aldosterone helps your kidneys regulate the amount of salt and water in your body – the main way you keep your blood pressure under control. When aldosterone levels drop too low, your kidneys cannot keep your salt and water levels in balance. This makes your blood pressure drop.
when Addison’s disease is the result of a problem with the adrenal glands themselves, it is called primary adrenal insufficiency. About 70% of the time, this happens because the body’s self-defense mechanism – the immune system – mistakenly attacks the adrenal glands.
Cushing syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome is a rare hormonal problem. It happens when there is too much of the hormone cortisol in your body.
Normally, cortisol levels increase through a chain reaction of hormones:
First, the hypothalamus in the brain makes a hormone called CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone).
Then, CRH tells the pituitary gland to make another hormone called ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).
ACTH then tells the adrenal glands to make cortisol. Cortisol affects almost every area of the body. It is especially important in regulating blood pressure and metabolism.
But if your body makes too much cortisol-or if you take certain medicines that act like cortisol-you may start to have symptoms. Cushing’s syndrome may cause weight gain, skin changes, and fatigue. It can lead to serious problems, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, depression, and osteoporosis. If not treated, it can also cause death.
Hirsutism
excessive hairiness especially in women
Pheochromocytoma
is a rare tumor of adrenal gland tissue. It results in the release of too much epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that control heart rate, metabolism, and blood pressure . Symptoms: Abdominal pain; Chest…
Diabetes
Is general term that, when used alone, refers to diabetes mellitus(DM). It’s is by far the most common pancreatic disorder. DM is a chronic metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism due to insufficient production of insulin or the body’s inability to utilize insulin properly.
Ketosis
When body cells are deprived of glucose, their principal energy fuel, they begin to metabolize proteins and fats. As fat is metabolized, ketones are produced and enter the bloodstream causing ketosis.
The ketones are used for energy but Ketosis is potentially a serious condition if keytone levels go too high.
The human body usually metabolizes glucose from carbohydrates for energy purposes, rather than energy from fat. If there is not enough glucose (from carbohydrates) in the bloodstream the body draws on fat stores for fuel, causing the appearance of ketones in the blood.
Ketones consist of acetone, acetoacetate or beta-hydroxybutyrate. Very high ketone levels can be toxic, making the blood more acid, and may damage such organs as the kidneys and liver.
The human body tries to lower acetone (a ketone) levels by breathing it out, causing a sweet and fruity breath. We also reduce ketone levels by expelling them through our urine.
Type 1 diabetes(aka juvenille diabetes)
is a disease that starts when the pancreas stops making or doesnt produce sufficient insulin.
Type 2 diabetes
It’s onset was typically later in life but it has become more prevalent in children as the incidence of obesity has increased. In the type the body is deficient in producing sufficient insulin or the body’s cells are resistant to insulin action in target tissue.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening condition that develops when cells in the body are unable to get the sugar (glucose) they need for energy, such as when you have diabetes and do not take enough insulin. Without insulin, the body cannot use sugar for energy. When the cells do not receive sugar, the body begins to break down fat and muscle for energy. When this happens, ketones, or fatty acids, are produced and enter the bloodstream, causing the chemical imbalance (metabolic acidosis) called diabetic ketoacidosis.
Acromegaly
Chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a gradual, marked enlargement and thickening of the bones of the face and jaw. It afflicts middle-aged and older persons and is caused by overproduction of growth hormone.
Insulinoma
Tumor of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas.
Panhypopituitarism(pan-hi-po-pi-TU-i-tar-izm)
Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormonal activity.
Virile(virilism)
Masculine or having characteristics of a man. Virilism:
Masculazation in a woman or development of male secondary sex characteristics in the woman.
Immediate/Rapid Acting Insulin
Apidra (Glulisine), novolog (aspart) , humalog (lispro)
ONSET: 5-15 minutes PEAK: 30-90 minues, Duration: 3-4 hrs
Fast/Short Acting Insulin
Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R, Iletin II Regular)
ONSET: 30-60 minutes, PEAK: 2-3 hrs, Duration: 5-8hrs
Intermediate Acting Insulin
Isophane: suspension (NPH), Humulin N, Novolin N
ONSET: 2-4 hrs, PEAK:4-10 hrs, Duration: 10-16 hr.
Long-Acting Insulin
Levemir (detemir) once or twice daily: ONSET: 3-8 hrs, PEAK: NONE, Duration: 13-15 hrs.
Lantus (Glargine) ONSET: 2-4 hr, PEAK: NONE, Duration 20-24 hrs
NON-NPH suspension (pre-mixed Insulin)
Novalog Mix 70/30, Humalog Mix 75/25, Humalog Mix 50/50. ONSET < or = to 15 minutes, PEAK: 1/2-4 hrs, Duration: 16-24 hrs
NPH and Regular Suspensions (pre-mixed Insulin)
Novolin 70/30, Humulin 70/30, Humulin, 50/50: ONSET: 30 min, PEAK: 2-12 hrs, Duration: 18-24 hrs.
Immediate/Rapid Acting Insulin
Apidra (Glulisine), novolog (aspart) , humalog (lispro)
ONSET: 5-15 minutes PEAK: 30-90 minues, Duration: 3-4 hrs
Fast/Short Acting Insulin
Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R, Iletin II Regular)
ONSET: 30-60 minutes, PEAK: 2-3 hrs, Duration: 4-6 hrs
Intermediate Acting Insulin
Isophane: suspension (NPH), Humulin N, Novolin N
ONSET: 2-4 hrs, PEAK:4-10 hrs, Duration: 10-16 hr.
Long-Acting Insulin
Levemir (detemir) once or twice daily: ONSET: 3-8 hrs, PEAK: NONE, Duration: 13-15 hrs.
Lantus (Glargine) ONSET: 2-4 hr, PEAK: NONE, Duration 20-24 hrs
NON-NPH suspension (pre-mixed Insulin)
Novalog Mix 70/30, Humalog Mix 75/25, Humalog Mix 50/50. ONSET < or = to 15 minutes, PEAK: 1/2-4 hrs, Duration: 16-24 hrs
NPH and Regular Suspensions (pre-mixed Insulin)
Novolin 70/30, Humulin 70/30, Humulin, 50/50: ONSET: 30 min, PEAK: 2-12 hrs, Duration: 18-24 hrs.
Sliding scale
Uses regular or intermediate acting insulin to correct insulin.
Pump therapy
Usually for type 1 diabetes but now used also for type 2 diabetes. It is continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and insulin pump therapy provide continuous infusion of regular, lispro, glulisine, or aspart insulin via subcutaneous catheter inserted into the abdomen. Only regular insulin is approved for use during pregnancy.
Circulating blood glucose levels are maintained at a normal range of.
60-110 mg/dL
Impaired fasting glucose
Occurs when fasting blood glucose is greater than or equal to 100 but less than 126 mg/dL
drawn after at least an 8 hour fast.
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Defined as blood glucose measurement on a glucose tolerance test greater than or equal to 140 mg/dL but less than 200 in the 2 hour sample. its asymptomatic and may lead to type 2 diabetes.
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Carbohydrate(glucose) intolerance during pregnancy. usually occurs during the 24th and the 28th weeks of gestation.
drugs that can decrease insulin activity resulting in hyperglycemia
corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics, estrogen, and phenytoin.
Postprandial test
blood drawn usually 2 hours after a well-balanced meal, to evaluate glucose metabolism. diabetes can be diagnosed if FBS greater than or equal to 126 mg/dL on two occasions and random blood sugar greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL and presence of classic symptoms of diabetes such as polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and weight loss.
Oral glucose tolerance test
Evaluates insulin response o glucose loading. FBS is obtained before the ingestion of a glucose load and blood samples are drawn at timed intervals.
Glycated Hemoglobin
Measures glycemic control over a 60-120 day period by measuring the irreversible reaction of glucose to hemoglobin through freely permeable erythrocytes during their 120 day life cycle.
C-Peptide Assay
Cleaved form the proinsulin molecule during its conversion to insulin, C-peptide acts as a marker for endogenous insulin production. Test can be performed after an overnight fast or after stimulation with glucose injection with either Sustacal , I.V glucose, or 1 mg of glucagon SubQ. Absence of C-Peptide indicates no beta cell function, reflecting possible type 1 diabetes or insulinopenia in type 2 diabetes.
Fructosamine Assay
Glycated protien with a much shorter half-life than glycated hemoglobin, reflecting control over a shorter period, apporximately 14 o 21 days. useful for patient who have hemoglobin variants that may interfere with the accuracy of glycated hemoglobin tests.
