musculoskeletal system Flashcards
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Cancellous
Spongy or porous structure, as found at found at the ends of long bones
Articulation
Place of union between two or bones; also called joint
Cruciate ligaments
Ligaments that cross each other forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles.
They help secure and stabilize the knee.
Aponeurosis
A sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheet like muscle having a wide area of attachment. It spans a large area of a particular bone.
Ankylosis
Stiffening or freezing of the Joints causing immobility of the joints. This is due commonly to disease, trauma, or abnormal bone fusion.
Myasthenia gravis
Autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction. Muscles of the limbs and eyes and those affecting speech and swallowing are usually involved. It is characterized by destruction of the receptors in the synaptic region that respond to acetylcholine .
Lamin/o
Lamina (part of vertebral arch)
Ex. Laminectomy(lam-I-NEK-to-me)- excision of the lamina. Usually performed to relieve compression of the spinal cord or to remove a lesion or herniated disk.
Ped/o
Foot; child
Ex. Pedograph- instrument for recording the foot. Used for recording an imprint of the foot on paper, the gait.
Dactyl/o
Fingers; toes
Ex. Dactylitis- inflammation of fingers or toes.
Ischi/o
Ischium(lower portion of hip)
Ex. Ischiodynia- pain in the ischium.
Pod/o
Foot
Spondyl/o
Vertebrae(backbone)
Ex. Spondylitis- inflammation of the vertebrae.
Leiomy/o
Smooth muscle(visceral) Ex. Leiomyoma- tumor of smooth muscle
Rhabd/o
Rod-shaped(striated)
Ex. Rhabdoid(RAB-dyod)- resembling a rod
Ex. Rhabdomyoma- tumor composed of striated muscular tissue.
Tenodesis
Surgical binding or fixation of a tendon
-asthenia
Weakness, debility
Ex. Myasthenia(mi-as-THE-ne-a)- weakness of muscle (and abnormal fatigue).
-porosis
Porous
Ex. Osteoporosis- a disorder in which the bones become increasingly porous, brittle, and subject to fracture, owing to loss of calcium and other mineral components, sometimes resulting in pain, decreased height, and skeletal deformities: common in older persons, primarily postmenopausal women, but also associated with long-term steroid therapy and certain endocrine disorders.
Atrophy
Without nourishment
Ex. Is a wasting or decrease in size or physiological activity of a part of the body because of disease or other influences.
Closed(simple) fracture
Bone is broken but no external wound exists.
Open(compound) fracture
Involves a broken bone and an external wound.
Complicated fracture
Broken bone has injured an internal organ
Comminuted fracture
Bone has broken or splintered into pieces
Impacted fracture
Occurs when the bone is broken and one end is wedged into the interior of another bone.
Incomplete fracture
Fracture does not completely transverse the entire bone
Greenstick fracture
When the broken bone does not extend through the entire thickness of the bone; that is, one side of the bone is broken and one side of the bone is bent.
Colles fracture
A break at the lower end of the radius, occurs just above the wrist. It can cause displacement of the hand.
Hairline fracture
Is a minor fracture in which all portions of the bone are in perfect alignment.
Pathological(spontaneous) fractures
Are usually caused by a disease process such as a neoplasm or osteoporosis
Osteomyelitis
an inflammation of the bone and bone marrow, usually caused by bacterial infection.
Hematoma
a circumscribed collection of blood, usually clotted, in a tissue or organ, caused by a break in a blood vessel.
Rheumatoid arthritis
A chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the joints, frequently accompanied by marked deformities, and ordinarily associated with manifestations of a general, or systemic, affliction.
Gouty arthritis
Is a metabolic disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the blood.Most of the time, having too much uric acid is not harmful. Many people with high levels in their blood never get gout. But when uric acid levels in the blood are too high, the uric acid may form hard crystals that may become deposited in joints and soft tissue near joints, causing painful swelling and inflammation.
Muscular dystrophy
1.
a hereditary disease characterized by gradual wasting of the muscles with replacement by scar tissue and fat, sometimes also affecting not only skeletal muscle but also cardiac muscle.
Duchenne dystrophy
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a defective gene for dystrophin (a protein in the muscles).
It affects about one in every 3,500 newborns and causes progressive muscle weakness and early death.
Children with the disease, who are usually boys, typically lose the ability to walk by age 12 and often die before age 25, usually from heart and lung problems.
Sarcoma
Malignancies that originate from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and cells of the lymphatic system.
Fibrosarcoma
Develops in cartilage and generally affects the pelvis, upper legs, and shoulders. Pts that have this are usually between the ages 50-60.
Osteosarcoma
a malignant tumor of the bone.
Ewing sarcoma
Amalignant stem-cell bone tumor, usually occurring in the leg or pelvis of children and young adults, characterized by pain, fever, and swelling.
Claudication
Lameness, limping
Contracture
Fibrosis of connective tissue on the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint.
Crepitation
Dry, grafting sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture of joint destruction.
Hypotonia
Loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching.
Multiple myeloma
In multiple myeloma, a certain kind of white blood cell called a plasma cell begins to multiply abnormally. Normally, plasma cells are responsible for producing antibodies that help fight infections. But in multiple myeloma, excessive plasma cells release unhealthy levels of protein (called immunoglobulin) into the bones and blood. The excessive protein accumulates throughout the body, causing organ damage.
The plasma cells also cause problems inside bones, where they multiply and crowd out normal blood cells. Inside the bone marrow, multiple myeloma plasma cells release chemicals that prompt the body to dissolve areas of bone. This creates weak areas of bone, which are called lytic lesions.
As multiple myeloma progresses, plasma cells begin to spill out of the bone marrow and deposit elsewhere in the body, causing further organ damage.
Osteophyte
Bony outgrowth that occasionally develops on the vertebra and may exert pressure on the spinal cord also called bone spur
Sequestrum( se- KWES-trum)
Fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue.
Spondylolisthesis(spon-di-lo-lis-THE-sis)
Any slipping of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it.
Spondylosis
Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebra and related tissues. May cause pressure on nerve roots with subsequent pain or paresthesia in the extremities.
Subluxation (sub-luk-SA-shun)
Partial or incomplete dislocation
Pub/o
Pelvis bone(anterior part of pelvic bone) Ex. Pubococcygeal- pertaining to the pubis and the coccyx.
