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2A PRELIM > PARA MALARIA > Flashcards

PARA MALARIA Flashcards

1
Q

Related to primate malaria parasite

A

P. vivax
P. malariae
P. ovale

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2
Q

related to avian malaria parasites

A

P. falciparum

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3
Q

long tailed macaques malaria parasite

A

P. knowlesi

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4
Q

TRANSMISSION of MALARIA IS THROUGH THE BITE OF A ____________________________

A

female Anopeheles mosquito

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5
Q

malaria is known as ________________________ in French

A

Paludisme= swamp fever

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6
Q

malaria is known as ________________________ in German

A

Wechselfieber= changing fever

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7
Q

Discovered Malaria n the RBCs of a patient in 1880

A

Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran

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8
Q

described the asexual development called the Golgi Cycle

A

Camillo Golgi

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9
Q

Established the mode of transmission of Malaria in 1897

A

Ronald Ross

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10
Q

P. ovale was identified during _____

A

1922

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11
Q

GROUP OF PARASITES CAUSING MALARIA belongs to the genus Plasmodium

A

Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium knowlesi

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12
Q

considered to be the fifth human malaria parasite has been described in humans in the Philippines and SEA

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

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13
Q

Malaria parasite requires specific __________ and ______________ to complete its life cycle

A

human, mosquito tissues

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14
Q

In the Philippines, principal malarial vector is the _______________________________________________

A

Anopheles minimus var. flavirostris

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15
Q

Lifespan of Female Anopheles mosquito

A

few weeks to a month

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16
Q

intermediate host of Malaria parasite

A

HUMANS

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17
Q

Gametocyte appearance in the circulation:

P. vivax= _____________
P. falciparum= ________________

A

4-5 days, 10-12 days

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18
Q

A person with a malaria gametocyte

A

Carrier or Resevoir

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19
Q

infective stage of Malaria for humans

A

Sporozoites

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20
Q

Process of schizogony forms ____________________

A

Merozoites (individual things)
Schizonts (if grouped pa)

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21
Q

the asexual reproduction of a sporozoan parasite by the multiple fission of the nucleus of the parasite followed by segmentation of the cytoplasm

A

Schizogony

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22
Q

Schizogony forms

A

MEROZOITES

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23
Q

Sexual reproduction by multiple fission of a spore or zygote, characteristic of many sporozoans

A

Sporogony

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24
Q

Sporogony results in a production of ______________________________

A

SPOROZOITES

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25
Q

Process of the malaria parasite to undergo gamete formation

A

GAMETOGONY

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26
Q

Name of gametocyte for male and female respectively

A

MICROGAMETOCYTE- MALE, MACROGAMETOCYTE- FEMALE

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27
Q

the exoerythrocytic cycle occurs in the ______________________

A

LIVER

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28
Q

the erythrocytic cycle occurs in the ______________________

A

CIRCULATION

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29
Q

Definitive host of MALARIA

A

MOSQUITO

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30
Q

infective stage of MALARIA for mosquito

A

GAMETOCYTE

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31
Q

The MALARIA parasite develops and multiplies inside the human host causing ____________________

A

periodic bouts of flu-like symptoms

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32
Q

Classical malarial paroxysms/ MALARIAL TRIAD

A

Chills (cold stage)
Fever (Hot stage)
Sweating (Sweating stage)

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33
Q

symptoms of MALARIA are related to the periodic destruction of _____ and diffusion of the pigment __________

A

RBCs, Hemozoin

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34
Q

The interval of time from sporozoite injection to detection of parasites in the blood

A

PREPATENT PERIOD
30 MINSt

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35
Q

The time between sporozoite injection and the appearance of clinical symptoms

A

INCUBATION PERIOD/ CLINICAL IP

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36
Q

the sudden inappropriate feeling of coldness and apprehension

A

COLD PHASE

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37
Q

Cold phase rigor lasts for ——————

A

15-60 mins

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38
Q

Patient is hot/ flush phase begins, moreover patient has headache, palpitations, tachypnea, epigastric discomfort, thirst, nausea, vomiting

A

HOT PHASE

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39
Q

HOST PHASE LASTS FOR _____________________________

A

2-6 hours

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40
Q

HOT PHASE TEMP peaks at _____________________________

A

40-41 deg C

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41
Q

is due to the bursting of the RBCs in the body

A

COLD PHASE

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42
Q

is due to the immune response of the body

A

HOT PHASE

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43
Q

defervescence or diaphoresis- patient manifest sweating

A

SWEATING PHASE

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44
Q

SWEATING PHASE temp lower over the next ___________________

A

2-4 hours

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45
Q

TOTAL DURATION of typical malarial attack

A

8-12 hours

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46
Q

Interval between attack is determined by the length of ___________________________________

A

Erythrocytic Cycle

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47
Q

is due to the compensation of the body to the immune response of the body to the parasite

A

SWEATING PHASE

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48
Q

malaria may cause ___________ and ________________

A

anemia and jaundice

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49
Q

infection with one type of malaria, _________________________, if not properly treated may cause kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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50
Q

it is a medical emergency that should be treated aggressively with intravenous fluids and respiratory support

A

SEVERE MALARIA

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51
Q

long term health complications of severe malaria include __________________________

A

liver and kidney failure, and a ruptured spleen

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52
Q

the pathological process of malaria are the result of ___________________

A

Erythrocytic Cycle

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53
Q

allows fluid leak to tissues and blood vessel congestion leading to infarction and necrosis

A

Increased capillary permeability

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54
Q

severe form of MALARIA are usually caused by ______________________

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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55
Q

electron dense membranous structure, so called ________ causes cytoadherence, rosette formation, and sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes lead to decrease in tissue perfusion resulting in decreased renal blood flow

A

KNOBS (MAIN VIRULENCE FACTOR)

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56
Q

proteins necessary for cytoadhesion which has the function of antigenic variation

A

ROSETTINS

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57
Q

proteins necessary for cytoadhesion which has the function of association in severe, malaria; antigenic function

A

RIFFINS

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58
Q

proteins necessary for cytoadhesion which has the function of increasing the effectivity of ligand binding

A

Histidine-rich Protein (HRP)

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59
Q

proteins necessary for cytoadhesion which has the function of acting like LPS, stimulate monocyte to release TNF

A

Glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)

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60
Q

proteins necessary for cytoadhesion which has the function of cytoadherence; antigenic variation

A

Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1

61
Q

most adhesive protein for cytoadhesion

A

Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1

62
Q

Seen in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections

A

RELAPSE PERIOD

63
Q

Seen in P. falciparum and P. malariae infections

A

RECRUDESENCE PERIOD

64
Q

is due to persistence of drug resistant parasites, even after completion of treatment

A

RECRUDESENCE

65
Q

Few sporozoites don’t develop into pre-erythrocytic schizont, but remain dormant (Hypnozoites) for 3 weeks to 1 year

66
Q

Hypnozoites can only be observed in ___________________________

A

P. vivax and P. ovale

67
Q

erythocytic cycle of P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale

A

P. vivax- 48 hours
P. falciparum- 36-48 hours
P. malariae- 72 hours
P. ovale- 42 hours

68
Q

gold standard method for malarial diagnosis

A

MICROSCOPY EXAMINATION

69
Q

are usually ring forms, immature, and mature

A

TROPHOZOITES

70
Q

occasionally found; indicative of severer infection and should consider organ damage

71
Q

have sexual stages, infective stage to mosquitos

A

GAMETOCYTES

72
Q

non staining part of MALARIA

73
Q

staining red part for MALARIA

A

NUCLEUS/ CHROMATIN DOT

74
Q

staining blue part for MALARIA

75
Q

most prevalent human malaria parasite

A

Plasmodium vivax

76
Q

found in Asia, Latin America, and in some parts of Africa

A

Plasmodium vivax

77
Q

Plasmodium vivax has dormant liver stages (________________________) that can activate and invade the blood (__________________________________) several months or years after the infecting mosquito bite

A

hypnozoites, causes relapse

78
Q

infected RBC of P.vivax and P. ovale

A

young and immature

79
Q

P. vivax eosinophilic stippling ____________________________-, all stages except early ring forms

A

Shuffner’s dots

80
Q

infected RBC of P. vivax will increase ________________ the size of a normal cell

81
Q

pigment for infected RBC of P. vivax

A

Golden Brown, inconspicuous

82
Q

ring form with heavy red dot and blue cytoplasmic ring

83
Q

relatively large and have delicate cytoplasmic ring and connected by single chromatin dot

A

P. vivax trophozoites

84
Q

growing trophozoites will have a _____________________________________________ pigment granules in cytoplasm

A

small-yellowish brown

85
Q

has loose, irregular, or close compact cytoplasm. Increasing the amount of brown pigments. Parasite fill cells in 30 to 40 hours

A

LARGE TROPHOZOITE

86
Q

mature schizont of P. vivax contains ____________ , __________, Parasite almost fills enlarged cells

A

12-24 merozoites, and pigments in 1 to 2

87
Q

parasite almost fills enlarged cells

A

Mature Schizont

88
Q

large pink to purple chromatin mass surrounded by colorless to pale halo yellow structure

A

P. vivax microgametocyte

89
Q

round to oval cytoplasm, smaller nucleus, eccentric chromatin mass, light brown pigment through out the cell

A

P. vivax Macrogametocyte

90
Q

PHASES OF P. vivax
Schizogony phase:
Prepatent phase:
Incubation phase:
length of asexual period:

Internal between parasite patency and gametocyte appearance:

Developmental period in mosquito

A

48 hours
11-15 days
12-20 days (ave 14)
48 hours
3-5 days
10 days at 28 deg C to 30 deg C

91
Q

P. vivax and P. ovale causes the disease

A

Benign Tertian Malaria

92
Q

found mostly in Africa and the islands of the western pacific

93
Q

Though P. ovale is biologically and morphologically similar to P. vivax, it is able to infect ____________ which is the case for many residents of sub-Saharan Africa

A

Duffy blood group negative

94
Q

infected RBC of P. ovale will become _____________ and increase ________________ the size of a normal cell

A

oval & enlarged, 1.5 times

95
Q

P. ovale eosinophilic stippling ____________________________-, all stages except early ring forms

A

James dots

96
Q

pigment for infected RBC of P. ovale

A

Dark Brown, conspicuous

97
Q

somewhat thick and ameboid appearance, larger than in P. vivax

A

Trophozoite (P. ovale)

98
Q

medium in size often maintains circular shape early in development

A

Immature Schizont

99
Q

round to oval cytoplasm, smaller nucleus, eccentric chromatin mass, light brown pigment through out the cell, smaller than in P. vivax

A

P. ovale macrogametocyte

99
Q

large pink to purple chromatin mass surrounded by colorless to pale halo yellow structure. Smaller than in P. vivax

A

P. ovale microgametocyte

99
Q

mature schizont of P. ovale contains ____________ ,

Merozoites occupy __________, of the RBC in a rosette formation

A

6-14 (ave, 8), 3 quarters

100
Q

PHASES OF P. ovale
Schizogony phase:
Prepatent phase:
Incubation phase:
length of asexual period:

Internal between parasite patency and gametocyte appearance:

Developmental period in mosquito

A

48 hours
14-26 days
11-16 days (ave 14)
48 hours
5-6 days
16 days at 25 deg C; 14 days at 27 deg C

101
Q

found worldwide, is the only human malaria parasite species that has a quartan cycle (three day cycle)

A

Plasmodium malariae

102
Q

disease caused by plasmodium malariae

A

Quartan Malaria

103
Q

causes a long lasting, chronic infection that in some cases can last a lifetime

A

Plasmodium malariae

104
Q

In some chronically infected patients with P. malariae can cause serious complications such as the _________________________

A

nephrotic syndrome

105
Q

infected RBC of P. malariae

A

only mature cells

106
Q

P. malariae eosinophilic stippling ____________________________

A

Ziemann’s dots

107
Q

infected RBC of P. malariae will have _____________ size, no distortion and __________________________

A

normal, cell maybe smaller

108
Q

pigment for infected RBC of P. malariae

A

Dark Brown, coarse, conspicuous- occurs almost all stages

109
Q

P. malariae cytoplasm: rounded, compact trophozoites, with dense cytoplasm, __________ trophs usually seen

110
Q

occupies 1/6 of the RBC, smaller than in P. vivax, heavy chromatin dot, vacuole may appear “filled-in”

A

P. malariae trophozoite

111
Q

Contains coarse dark pigment, basket shaped, vacuole is absent in mature stages

A

Developing trophozoite (P. malariae)

112
Q

appears compact in thick smear, band forms seen usually in thin smear

A

Old Trophozoite (P. malariae)

113
Q

similar to P. vivax, smaller containing coarse dark peripheral or central granules

A

Immature schizont (P. malariae)

114
Q

mature schizont of P. malariae contains ____________ ,

Merozoites arranged in a __________,________

A

6-12 Merozoites (ave 8-10), rosette or irregular clusters

115
Q

similar but smaller to P. vivax. Contains dark, coarse pigment. Older forms assume an oval shape

A

P. malariae Microgametocyte and macrogametocyte

116
Q

PHASES OF P. malariae
Schizogony phase:
Prepatent phase:
Incubation phase:
length of asexual period:

Internal between parasite patency and gametocyte appearance:

Developmental period in mosquito

A

72 hours
3-4 weeks
18-40 days (ave 30)
72 hours
10-14 days
30-35 days at 20 deg C; 25-28 days at 22-24 deg C

117
Q

found worldwide, approximately 1 million people are are killed especially in Africa where this species predominates

A

Plasmodium falciparum

118
Q

P. falciparum causes the disease

A

Malignant Tertian Malaria

119
Q

causes severe malaria because it multiplies rapidly in the blood, and can thus cause severe blood loss

A

Plasmodium falciparum

120
Q

parasites can clog small blood vessels, when this occurs in the brain, cerebral malaria results, a complication that can be fatal

A

Plasmodium falciparum

121
Q

infected RBC of P. falciparum will have _____________ size, _______________

A

normal, no distortion

122
Q

P. falciparum eosinophilic stippling ____________________________-, not clearly visible

A

Maurer’s dots

123
Q

infected RBC of P. falciparum

A

infects all stages

124
Q

circle configuration with one or two chromatin dot (headphone shape)

A

trophozoite

125
Q

has heavy rings, fine granules, mature forms seen in severe infection

A

P. falciparum Developing Trophozoite

126
Q

sausage or crescent shaped, dispersed central chromatin, black pigment is visible

A

P. falciparum microgametocyte

127
Q

sausage or crescent shaped, compact chromatin, black pigment is visible

A

P. falciparum macrogametocyte

128
Q

PHASES OF P. falciparum
Schizogony phase:
Prepatent phase:
Incubation phase:
length of asexual period:

Internal between parasite patency and gametocyte appearance:

Developmental period in mosquito

A

36-48 hours
11-14 days
8-15 days
48 hours or less
8-11 days
22-23 days at 20 deg C; 10-12 days at 27 deg C

129
Q

found in SEA as a natural pathogen of long tailed and pig tailed macaques

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

130
Q

Disease caused by Plasmodium knowlesi

A

Zoonotic malaria

131
Q

Plasmodium knowlesi has a __________________ and so can rapidly progress from an uncomplicated to a severe infection

A

24-hour replication cycle

132
Q

recently shown to be a significant cause of zoonotic malaria in that region particularly in ______________________

133
Q

Early trophozoite resembles P. falciparum. Developing trophozoites, schizonts and gametocytes are similar to P. malariae

A

P. knowlesi

134
Q

P. knowlesi is confirmed through _________________

A

Molecular detection methods (PCR)

135
Q

Determines the parasitological severity of malaria infection

A

Malaria Parasite Counting

136
Q

200 WBCs counted with 100 parasites counted, QUANTIFICATION

A

Thick Smear

137
Q

counting of parasitized RBC in 10-20 fields. IDENTIFICATION

A

Thin Smear

138
Q

Rapid Staining method for Malaria smear stain

A

10% giemsa solution for 10-15mins

139
Q

slow Staining method for Malaria smear stain

A

3% giemsa solution for 30-45mins

140
Q

test that detects P. falciparum

A

Paracheck Pf

141
Q

test that detects Plasmodium spp

A

OptiMal, ICT

142
Q

Paracheck Pf uses ________________________ to detect the presence of P. falciparum

A

Histidine-rich Protein II

143
Q

OptiMal, ICT uses ________________________ to detect the presence of other Plasmodium spp

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

144
Q

based combination therapy used for all Plasmodium spp. and mixed infection

A

ARTEMENSIN

1st degree- ARTMETER-LUMEFANTRINE
2nd degree- QUININE+ TETRACYCLINE/ DOXYCYCLINE, CLINDAMYCIN

145
Q

increasing dosage of _______________ in treating relapsing P. vivax

A

PRIMAQUINE

146
Q

1st vaccine for malaria

A

RTS,S/ ASO1 (Mosquirix)

147
Q

2nd vaccine for malaria

A

R21- Matrix-M

2A PRELIM (31 decks)

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