PARA MALARIA Flashcards
1
Q
Related to primate malaria parasite
A
P. vivax
P. malariae
P. ovale
2
Q
related to avian malaria parasites
A
P. falciparum
3
Q
long tailed macaques malaria parasite
A
P. knowlesi
4
Q
TRANSMISSION of MALARIA IS THROUGH THE BITE OF A ____________________________
A
female Anopeheles mosquito
5
Q
malaria is known as ________________________ in French
A
Paludisme= swamp fever
6
Q
malaria is known as ________________________ in German
A
Wechselfieber= changing fever
7
Q
Discovered Malaria n the RBCs of a patient in 1880
A
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
8
Q
described the asexual development called the Golgi Cycle
A
Camillo Golgi
9
Q
Established the mode of transmission of Malaria in 1897
A
Ronald Ross
10
Q
P. ovale was identified during _____
A
1922
11
Q
GROUP OF PARASITES CAUSING MALARIA belongs to the genus Plasmodium
A
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium knowlesi
12
Q
considered to be the fifth human malaria parasite has been described in humans in the Philippines and SEA
A
Plasmodium knowlesi
13
Q
Malaria parasite requires specific __________ and ______________ to complete its life cycle
A
human, mosquito tissues
14
Q
In the Philippines, principal malarial vector is the _______________________________________________
A
Anopheles minimus var. flavirostris
15
Q
Lifespan of Female Anopheles mosquito
A
few weeks to a month
16
Q
intermediate host of Malaria parasite
A
HUMANS
17
Q
Gametocyte appearance in the circulation:
P. vivax= _____________
P. falciparum= ________________
A
4-5 days, 10-12 days
18
Q
A person with a malaria gametocyte
A
Carrier or Resevoir
19
Q
infective stage of Malaria for humans
A
Sporozoites
20
Q
Process of schizogony forms ____________________
A
Merozoites (individual things)
Schizonts (if grouped pa)
21
Q
the asexual reproduction of a sporozoan parasite by the multiple fission of the nucleus of the parasite followed by segmentation of the cytoplasm
A
Schizogony
22
Q
Schizogony forms
A
MEROZOITES
23
Q
Sexual reproduction by multiple fission of a spore or zygote, characteristic of many sporozoans
A
Sporogony
24
Q
Sporogony results in a production of ______________________________
A
SPOROZOITES
25
Process of the malaria parasite to undergo gamete formation
GAMETOGONY
26
Name of gametocyte for male and female respectively
MICROGAMETOCYTE- MALE, MACROGAMETOCYTE- FEMALE
27
the exoerythrocytic cycle occurs in the ______________________
LIVER
28
the erythrocytic cycle occurs in the ______________________
CIRCULATION
29
Definitive host of MALARIA
MOSQUITO
30
infective stage of MALARIA for mosquito
GAMETOCYTE
31
The MALARIA parasite develops and multiplies inside the human host causing ____________________
periodic bouts of flu-like symptoms
32
Classical malarial paroxysms/ MALARIAL TRIAD
Chills (cold stage)
Fever (Hot stage)
Sweating (Sweating stage)
33
symptoms of MALARIA are related to the periodic destruction of _____ and diffusion of the pigment __________
RBCs, Hemozoin
34
The interval of time from sporozoite injection to detection of parasites in the blood
PREPATENT PERIOD
30 MINSt
35
The time between sporozoite injection and the appearance of clinical symptoms
INCUBATION PERIOD/ CLINICAL IP
36
the sudden inappropriate feeling of coldness and apprehension
COLD PHASE
37
Cold phase rigor lasts for ------------------
15-60 mins
38
Patient is hot/ flush phase begins, moreover patient has headache, palpitations, tachypnea, epigastric discomfort, thirst, nausea, vomiting
HOT PHASE
39
HOST PHASE LASTS FOR _____________________________
2-6 hours
40
HOT PHASE TEMP peaks at _____________________________
40-41 deg C
41
is due to the bursting of the RBCs in the body
COLD PHASE
42
is due to the immune response of the body
HOT PHASE
43
defervescence or diaphoresis- patient manifest sweating
SWEATING PHASE
44
SWEATING PHASE temp lower over the next ___________________
2-4 hours
45
TOTAL DURATION of typical malarial attack
8-12 hours
46
Interval between attack is determined by the length of ___________________________________
Erythrocytic Cycle
47
is due to the compensation of the body to the immune response of the body to the parasite
SWEATING PHASE
48
malaria may cause ___________ and ________________
anemia and jaundice
49
infection with one type of malaria, _________________________, if not properly treated may cause kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death
Plasmodium falciparum
50
it is a medical emergency that should be treated aggressively with intravenous fluids and respiratory support
SEVERE MALARIA
51
long term health complications of severe malaria include __________________________
liver and kidney failure, and a ruptured spleen
52
the pathological process of malaria are the result of ___________________
Erythrocytic Cycle
53
allows fluid leak to tissues and blood vessel congestion leading to infarction and necrosis
Increased capillary permeability
54
severe form of MALARIA are usually caused by ______________________
Plasmodium falciparum
55
electron dense membranous structure, so called ________ causes cytoadherence, rosette formation, and sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes lead to decrease in tissue perfusion resulting in decreased renal blood flow
KNOBS (MAIN VIRULENCE FACTOR)
56
proteins necessary for cytoadhesion which has the function of antigenic variation
ROSETTINS
57
proteins necessary for cytoadhesion which has the function of association in severe, malaria; antigenic function
RIFFINS
58
proteins necessary for cytoadhesion which has the function of increasing the effectivity of ligand binding
Histidine-rich Protein (HRP)
59
proteins necessary for cytoadhesion which has the function of acting like LPS, stimulate monocyte to release TNF
Glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)
60
proteins necessary for cytoadhesion which has the function of cytoadherence; antigenic variation
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1
61
most adhesive protein for cytoadhesion
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1
62
Seen in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections
RELAPSE PERIOD
63
Seen in P. falciparum and P. malariae infections
RECRUDESENCE PERIOD
64
is due to persistence of drug resistant parasites, even after completion of treatment
RECRUDESENCE
65
Few sporozoites don't develop into pre-erythrocytic schizont, but remain dormant (Hypnozoites) for 3 weeks to 1 year
RELAPSE
66
Hypnozoites can only be observed in ___________________________
P. vivax and P. ovale
67
erythocytic cycle of P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale
P. vivax- 48 hours
P. falciparum- 36-48 hours
P. malariae- 72 hours
P. ovale- 42 hours
68
gold standard method for malarial diagnosis
MICROSCOPY EXAMINATION
69
are usually ring forms, immature, and mature
TROPHOZOITES
70
occasionally found; indicative of severer infection and should consider organ damage
SCHIZONTS
71
have sexual stages, infective stage to mosquitos
GAMETOCYTES
72
non staining part of MALARIA
VACUOLE
73
staining red part for MALARIA
NUCLEUS/ CHROMATIN DOT
74
staining blue part for MALARIA
cytoplasm
75
most prevalent human malaria parasite
Plasmodium vivax
76
found in Asia, Latin America, and in some parts of Africa
Plasmodium vivax
77
Plasmodium vivax has dormant liver stages (________________________) that can activate and invade the blood (__________________________________) several months or years after the infecting mosquito bite
hypnozoites, causes relapse
78
infected RBC of P.vivax and P. ovale
young and immature
79
P. vivax eosinophilic stippling ____________________________-, all stages except early ring forms
Shuffner's dots
80
infected RBC of P. vivax will increase ________________ the size of a normal cell
1.5 times
81
pigment for infected RBC of P. vivax
Golden Brown, inconspicuous
82
ring form with heavy red dot and blue cytoplasmic ring
SIGNET
83
relatively large and have delicate cytoplasmic ring and connected by single chromatin dot
P. vivax trophozoites
84
growing trophozoites will have a _____________________________________________ pigment granules in cytoplasm
small-yellowish brown
85
has loose, irregular, or close compact cytoplasm. Increasing the amount of brown pigments. Parasite fill cells in 30 to 40 hours
LARGE TROPHOZOITE
86
mature schizont of P. vivax contains ____________ , __________, Parasite almost fills enlarged cells
12-24 merozoites, and pigments in 1 to 2
87
parasite almost fills enlarged cells
Mature Schizont
88
large pink to purple chromatin mass surrounded by colorless to pale halo yellow structure
P. vivax microgametocyte
89
round to oval cytoplasm, smaller nucleus, eccentric chromatin mass, light brown pigment through out the cell
P. vivax Macrogametocyte
90
PHASES OF P. vivax
Schizogony phase:
Prepatent phase:
Incubation phase:
length of asexual period:
Internal between parasite patency and gametocyte appearance:
Developmental period in mosquito
48 hours
11-15 days
12-20 days (ave 14)
48 hours
3-5 days
10 days at 28 deg C to 30 deg C
91
P. vivax and P. ovale causes the disease
Benign Tertian Malaria
92
found mostly in Africa and the islands of the western pacific
P. ovale
93
Though P. ovale is biologically and morphologically similar to P. vivax, it is able to infect ____________ which is the case for many residents of sub-Saharan Africa
Duffy blood group negative
94
infected RBC of P. ovale will become _____________ and increase ________________ the size of a normal cell
oval & enlarged, 1.5 times
95
P. ovale eosinophilic stippling ____________________________-, all stages except early ring forms
James dots
96
pigment for infected RBC of P. ovale
Dark Brown, conspicuous
97
somewhat thick and ameboid appearance, larger than in P. vivax
Trophozoite (P. ovale)
98
medium in size often maintains circular shape early in development
Immature Schizont
99
round to oval cytoplasm, smaller nucleus, eccentric chromatin mass, light brown pigment through out the cell, smaller than in P. vivax
P. ovale macrogametocyte
99
large pink to purple chromatin mass surrounded by colorless to pale halo yellow structure. Smaller than in P. vivax
P. ovale microgametocyte
99
mature schizont of P. ovale contains ____________ ,
Merozoites occupy __________, of the RBC in a rosette formation
6-14 (ave, 8), 3 quarters
100
PHASES OF P. ovale
Schizogony phase:
Prepatent phase:
Incubation phase:
length of asexual period:
Internal between parasite patency and gametocyte appearance:
Developmental period in mosquito
48 hours
14-26 days
11-16 days (ave 14)
48 hours
5-6 days
16 days at 25 deg C; 14 days at 27 deg C
101
found worldwide, is the only human malaria parasite species that has a quartan cycle (three day cycle)
Plasmodium malariae
102
disease caused by plasmodium malariae
Quartan Malaria
103
causes a long lasting, chronic infection that in some cases can last a lifetime
Plasmodium malariae
104
In some chronically infected patients with P. malariae can cause serious complications such as the _________________________
nephrotic syndrome
105
infected RBC of P. malariae
only mature cells
106
P. malariae eosinophilic stippling ____________________________
Ziemann's dots
107
infected RBC of P. malariae will have _____________ size, no distortion and __________________________
normal, cell maybe smaller
108
pigment for infected RBC of P. malariae
Dark Brown, coarse, conspicuous- occurs almost all stages
109
P. malariae cytoplasm: rounded, compact trophozoites, with dense cytoplasm, __________ trophs usually seen
band form
110
occupies 1/6 of the RBC, smaller than in P. vivax, heavy chromatin dot, vacuole may appear "filled-in"
P. malariae trophozoite
111
Contains coarse dark pigment, basket shaped, vacuole is absent in mature stages
Developing trophozoite (P. malariae)
112
appears compact in thick smear, band forms seen usually in thin smear
Old Trophozoite (P. malariae)
113
similar to P. vivax, smaller containing coarse dark peripheral or central granules
Immature schizont (P. malariae)
114
mature schizont of P. malariae contains ____________ ,
Merozoites arranged in a __________,________
6-12 Merozoites (ave 8-10), rosette or irregular clusters
115
similar but smaller to P. vivax. Contains dark, coarse pigment. Older forms assume an oval shape
P. malariae Microgametocyte and macrogametocyte
116
PHASES OF P. malariae
Schizogony phase:
Prepatent phase:
Incubation phase:
length of asexual period:
Internal between parasite patency and gametocyte appearance:
Developmental period in mosquito
72 hours
3-4 weeks
18-40 days (ave 30)
72 hours
10-14 days
30-35 days at 20 deg C; 25-28 days at 22-24 deg C
117
found worldwide, approximately 1 million people are are killed especially in Africa where this species predominates
Plasmodium falciparum
118
P. falciparum causes the disease
Malignant Tertian Malaria
119
causes severe malaria because it multiplies rapidly in the blood, and can thus cause severe blood loss
Plasmodium falciparum
120
parasites can clog small blood vessels, when this occurs in the brain, cerebral malaria results, a complication that can be fatal
Plasmodium falciparum
121
infected RBC of P. falciparum will have _____________ size, _______________
normal, no distortion
122
P. falciparum eosinophilic stippling ____________________________-, not clearly visible
Maurer's dots
123
infected RBC of P. falciparum
infects all stages
124
circle configuration with one or two chromatin dot (headphone shape)
trophozoite
125
has heavy rings, fine granules, mature forms seen in severe infection
P. falciparum Developing Trophozoite
126
sausage or crescent shaped, dispersed central chromatin, black pigment is visible
P. falciparum microgametocyte
127
sausage or crescent shaped, compact chromatin, black pigment is visible
P. falciparum macrogametocyte
128
PHASES OF P. falciparum
Schizogony phase:
Prepatent phase:
Incubation phase:
length of asexual period:
Internal between parasite patency and gametocyte appearance:
Developmental period in mosquito
36-48 hours
11-14 days
8-15 days
48 hours or less
8-11 days
22-23 days at 20 deg C; 10-12 days at 27 deg C
129
found in SEA as a natural pathogen of long tailed and pig tailed macaques
Plasmodium knowlesi
130
Disease caused by Plasmodium knowlesi
Zoonotic malaria
131
Plasmodium knowlesi has a __________________ and so can rapidly progress from an uncomplicated to a severe infection
24-hour replication cycle
132
recently shown to be a significant cause of zoonotic malaria in that region particularly in ______________________
Malaysia
133
Early trophozoite resembles P. falciparum. Developing trophozoites, schizonts and gametocytes are similar to P. malariae
P. knowlesi
134
P. knowlesi is confirmed through _________________
Molecular detection methods (PCR)
135
Determines the parasitological severity of malaria infection
Malaria Parasite Counting
136
200 WBCs counted with 100 parasites counted, QUANTIFICATION
Thick Smear
137
counting of parasitized RBC in 10-20 fields. IDENTIFICATION
Thin Smear
138
Rapid Staining method for Malaria smear stain
10% giemsa solution for 10-15mins
139
slow Staining method for Malaria smear stain
3% giemsa solution for 30-45mins
140
test that detects P. falciparum
Paracheck Pf
141
test that detects Plasmodium spp
OptiMal, ICT
142
Paracheck Pf uses ________________________ to detect the presence of P. falciparum
Histidine-rich Protein II
143
OptiMal, ICT uses ________________________ to detect the presence of other Plasmodium spp
Lactate dehydrogenase
144
based combination therapy used for all Plasmodium spp. and mixed infection
ARTEMENSIN
1st degree- ARTMETER-LUMEFANTRINE
2nd degree- QUININE+ TETRACYCLINE/ DOXYCYCLINE, CLINDAMYCIN
145
increasing dosage of _______________ in treating relapsing P. vivax
PRIMAQUINE
146
1st vaccine for malaria
RTS,S/ ASO1 (Mosquirix)
147
2nd vaccine for malaria
R21- Matrix-M
