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2A PRELIM > BACTE LEC HOST PATHO > Flashcards

BACTE LEC HOST PATHO Flashcards

1
Q

cycle of host pathogen interaction

A

Pathogens > Host susceptibility > Modes of pathogen shedding > reservoir host > routes of entry > modes of transmission> (repeat)

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2
Q

necessary for establishing methods to isolate microorganisms from patient specimens and for developing effective treatment strategies

A

host pathogen interaction

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3
Q

a person who harbors the etiologic agent but shows no apparent signs or symptoms of infection or disease

A

Carrier

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4
Q

a single source or reservoir from which an etiologic agent responsible for an epidemic or outbreak originates

A

Common Source

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5
Q

Infection acquired in an activity or group that is not in a health care setting or environment

A

Community- associated infection

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6
Q

the number of new diseases or infected persons in a population

A

Disease Incidence

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7
Q

the percentage of diseased persons in a given population at a a particular time

A

Disease prevalence

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8
Q

a disease constantly present at some rate of occurrence in a particular location

A

Endemic

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9
Q

a larger than normal number of diseased or infected individuals in a particular location

A

Epidemic

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10
Q

a microorganism responsible for causing infection or infectious disease

A

Etiologic Agent

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11
Q

Infections acquired as a result of a short or long term admission into a health care facility

A

health care- associated infection

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12
Q

infection acquired as a result of a medical procedure

A

Iatrogenic

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13
Q

An individual’s microbiologic environment, present in or on the human host (normal flora)

A

Microbiome

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14
Q

the means by which etiologic agents are brought in contact with the human host

A

Mode of transmission

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15
Q

the state of disease and its associated effects on the host

A

morbidity

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16
Q

the incidence of a particular disease state

A

Morbidity rate

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17
Q

Death resulting from disease

A

Mortality

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18
Q

the incidence in which a disease results in death

A

Mortality Rate

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19
Q

infection for which the etiologic agent was acquired in a hospital or long-term health care center or facility

A

Nosocomial infection

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20
Q

a larger than normal number of diseased or infected individuals that occurs over a relatively short period

A

Outbreak

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21
Q

an epidemic that spans the world

A

Pandemic

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22
Q

the origin of the etiologic agent or location from which it disseminates

A

reservoir

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23
Q

how to prevent Nosocomial infection

A

Handwashing

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24
Q

laboratory based characterization of etiologic agents designed to establish their relatedness to one another during a particular outbreak or epidemic

A

Strain Typing

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25
Q

any type of epidemiologic investigation that involves data collection for characterizing circumstances surrounding the incidence or prevalence of a particular disease or infection

A

Surveillance

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26
Q

a living entity that transmits the etiologic agent

A

Vector

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27
Q

a non living entity that is contaminated with the etiologic agent and as such is the mode transmission for that agent

A

Vehicle

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28
Q

transmitted by direct contact between reservoir and host

A

direct transmission

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29
Q

transmitted to host via intervening agents

A

indirect transmission

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30
Q

particles that are 5-500um in size and cannot travel more than 3 feet

A

Respiratory Droplet

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31
Q

particles that are <5 um in size and can travel more than 3 feet

A

Aerosol particles

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32
Q

a human infection when microorganisms primarily infect animal populations and on occasion accidentally encounter and infect humans

A

zoonotic infection

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33
Q

a specific type of infection from regular interaction with animals for food production

A

Livestock-associated infection

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34
Q

microorganisms that are able to survive on the skin of the host without gaining access to internal tissues

A

Ectoparasties

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35
Q

infection caused by ectoparasites are called __________________

A

infestation

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36
Q

is the growth of microbiota in or a body site without the production of damage or notable symptoms

A

Colonization

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37
Q

defined as the associated of two organisms living together

A

Symbiosis

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38
Q

a symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other

A

Mutualism

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39
Q

a relationship in which one organism benefits while there is no beneficial or harmful to the other organisms

A

Commensalism

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40
Q

is a relationship in which one organisms benefits at the expense of the host

A

Parasitism

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41
Q

microorganisms that colonize an area for months or years

A

Resident Microbiota

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42
Q

microorganisms that are present at a site temporarily

A

Transient Microbiota

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43
Q

an infection that does not normally cause disease or damage in a host but under specific conditions or opportunities causes pathology or disease

A

Opportunistic Infection

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44
Q

inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria

A

Bacteriocins

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45
Q

microenvironment hostile to potential pathogen

A

metabolic by-products

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46
Q

the ability of a microorganism to produce disease in an individual

A

PATHOGENICITY

47
Q

the relative ability of a microorganism to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity

A

VIRULENCE

48
Q

organisms that can establish infection with a relatively low infective dose are considered ____________ than organisms that require high numbers for infection

A

more virulent

49
Q

usually measured by the numbers of microorganisms necessary to cause infection int he host

A

VIRULENCE

50
Q

are substances produce by pathogenic microorganisms causing tissue and cellular damage

A

Toxic Factors

51
Q

enzymes produced by bacteria that aid in the spread of infection disease

A

Enzymatic factors

52
Q

also known as spreading factor

A

hyalurodinase

53
Q

provides an additional protection to the bacteria

A

Cellular structure

54
Q

genomic regions found in pathogenic microorganisms where virulence factors are encoded

A

Pathogenicity Islands

55
Q

first step of infection and disease development

A

ADHERENCE

56
Q

microbial surface structures that mediate attachment are called __________________

A

Adhesins

57
Q

main adhesins in bacteria

A

Fimbriae/ pili and surface polysaccharides

58
Q

a pathogen must multiply, following its attachment to host cells in order to establish and case a disease

A

Proliferation

59
Q

produced by the host as a way to protect against infection

A

secretory antibody, lactoferrin and lysozyme

60
Q

uses lactoferrin as a source of iron

A

Neisseria meninggitidis

61
Q

a result of either preformed toxin or the disruption of the normal functioning of the intestinal cells

A

Tissue Damage

62
Q

process of penetrating and growing in tissues

A

Invasion

63
Q

spread of microorganisms to distant body sites

A

Dissemination

64
Q

source of exotoxin

A

Gram positive mostly/ gram negative

65
Q

source of endotoxin

A

gram negative

66
Q

Toxin release of exotoxin

A

a metabolic product released by living cell

67
Q

Toxin release of endotoxin

A

upon lysis of the cell

68
Q

Genetics of Exotoxin

A

carried by plasmids or bacteriophages

69
Q

Genetics of endotoxin

A

synthesized by bacterial chromosome

70
Q

Chemistry of exotoxin

A

Simple proteins, peptides

71
Q

Chemistry of Endotoxin

A

Lipid A

72
Q

Heat Stability of Exotoxin

A

Destroyed rapidly at 60 deg C (except Staphylococcal enterotoxin)

73
Q

Heat Stability of Endotoxin

A

Heat stable at 100 deg C for 1 hour

74
Q

Antigenicity of exotoxin

A

Highly immunogenic- converted to toxoids for vaccines

75
Q

Antigenicity of endotoxin

A

poorly antigenic

76
Q

Signs and symptoms of exotoxin

A

Specific, cytotoxic, neurotoxic, enterotoxic

77
Q

Signs and symptoms of endotoxin

A

general/ non -specific (fever, shock)

78
Q

mode of action for exotoxin

A

Various

79
Q

mode of action for endotoxin

A

includes TNF, IL-1, IL-6

80
Q

toxicity of exotoxin

A

high

81
Q

toxicity of endotoxin

A

low

82
Q

lethal dose of exotoxin

A

low (1 microgram)

83
Q

lethal dose of endotoxin

A

high

84
Q

examples of exotoxin

A

Tetanus/ lock jaw, Botulism/ floppy baby syndrome

85
Q

examples of endotoxin

A

UTI, meningococcemia sepsis

86
Q

test to detect endotoxin in body fluids and surgical instruments

A

Limulus Lysate Test

87
Q

detects gram negative endotoxin

A

Limulus Lysate test

88
Q

Limulus Lysate test reagents

A

Blood of horseshoe crab and Limulus polyphemus

89
Q

Limulus Lysate test principle

A

endotoxin make amoebocytes release lysate, causing clumping

90
Q

a group or community of microorganisms capable of adhering to each other or to other surfaces

A

BIOFILM FORMATION

91
Q

an accumulation of microorganisms embedded in a complex matrix composed of proteins, polysaccharides, extracellular DNA, and other molecules

A

BIOFILM FORMATION

92
Q

involves the growth and multiplication of microorganisms that cause damage to their host

A

INFECTION

93
Q

Bodily invasion of pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce, multiply, and cause disease

A

INFECTION

94
Q

a specific disorder that is characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms which are attributable to heredity, infection, diet or environment

A

DISEASE

95
Q

results when the infection produces notable changes in human physiology, specifically that cause damage to the organ system

A

DISEASE

96
Q

means signs and symptoms are confined in one area

A

local infection

97
Q

starts as local infection before spreading to the other parts of the body

A

Focal infection

98
Q

microorganisms spread throughout the body causing infection via blood or lymph

A

Systemic/ Generalized infection

99
Q

presence of bacteria int he blood (no active multiplication)

A

Bacteremia

100
Q

active multiplication of the invading bacteria in the blood

A

Septicemia

101
Q

a condition wherein pus-producing organisms repeatedly invade the bloodstream and localized at different parts of the body

A

Pyemia

102
Q

presence of toxins in the blood

A

Toxemia

103
Q

develops rapidly and usually with a short duration

A

acute infection

104
Q

clinically silent inside the body and causes no noticeable illness in the host

A

Latent Infection (silent Phase)

105
Q

an infection which progresses slowly from weeks to a period of years

A

Chronic infection

106
Q

measurable indications or physical observations

objective

A

Signs

107
Q

indicators as described by the patient

Subjective

A

Symptoms

108
Q

a group of signs and symptoms that are associated with disease

A

Syndrome

109
Q

time between the exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms

A

incubation period

110
Q

appearance of signs and symptoms

A

Prodromal Period

111
Q

peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of an infection or a disease

A

Clinical or Illness Period

112
Q

signs and symptoms begin to subside as the host’s condition improves or deteriorates possible to death

A

Decline period

113
Q

period in which the surviving host is recuperating towards full recovery or chronic infection or death

A

Convalescent Period

2A PRELIM (16 decks)

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