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2A PRELIM > HISTO CIRC AND BLOOD > Flashcards

HISTO CIRC AND BLOOD Flashcards

1
Q

propels blood through the system and is
surrounded by the pericardium

A

HEART

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2
Q

a fibrous sac lined by
serous mesothelium.

A

pericardium

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3
Q

a series of vessels efferent from the heart that
become smaller as they branch into the various organs,
carry blood to the tissues.

A

Arteries

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4
Q

the smallest vessels, are the sites of O2 , CO2 nutrient, and waste product exchange between blood and
tissues

A

Capillaries

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5
Q

capillaries
in almost every organ form a complex network of thin,
anastomosing tubules called the _________________________

A

microvasculature

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6
Q

result from the convergence of venules into a system of larger channels which continue enlarging as they
approach the heart, toward which they carry the blood to
be pumped again.

A

Veins

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7
Q

two major divisions of arteries,
microvasculature, and veins make up the ______________________, where blood is oxygenated in the lungs, and the ___________________, where blood brings nutrients and removes
wastes in tissues throughout the body.

A

pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation,

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8
Q

thin-walled, closed-ended
tubules carrying lymph that merge to form vessels of steadily increasing size

A

lymphatic capillaries

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9
Q

The internal surface of all components of the blood and
lymphatic systems is lined by a simple squamous epithelium
called ______________

A

endothelium

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10
Q

propel
blood to the pulmonary and systemic circulations

A

ventricles

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11
Q

receive blood from the body and
the pulmonary veins, respectively

A

atria

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12
Q

consists of the lining endothelium, its supporting layer of fibroelastic connective tissue with scattered fibers of smooth muscle, and a deeper layer of connective tissue

A

endocardium

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13
Q

consists mainly of typically contractile cardiac muscle fibers arranged spirally around each
heart chamber

A

myocardium

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14
Q

Because strong force is required to pump blood through the systemic and pulmonary circulations, the _______________ is much thicker in the walls of the ventricles than the atria

A

myocardium

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15
Q

the wall of the ______________ is about ________________ than that of the right ventricle because the left side must produce sufficient force to propel blood through the much larger systemic circulation with its multiple capillary beds

A

left ventricle, three times thicker

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16
Q

is a simple squamous mesothelium
supported by a layer of loose connective tissue containing
blood vessels and nerves

A

epicardium

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17
Q

The epicardium
corresponds to the ______________________, the
membrane surrounding the heart.

A

visceral layer of the pericardium

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18
Q

These are pale-staining
fibers, larger than the adjacent contractile fibers, with sparse,
peripheral myofibrils, and much glycogen

A

Purkinje fibers

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19
Q

is a specialized epithelium that acts
as a semipermeable barrier between two major internal compartments: the blood and the interstitial tissue fluid.

A

endothelium

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20
Q

The endothelium presents a _______________________
on which blood will not clot and actively secretes agents
that control local clot formation

A

nonthrombogenic surface

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21
Q

occur in the walls of all vessels
larger than capillaries and are arranged helically in layers

A

Smooth muscle fibers

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22
Q

are found in the
subendothelial layer, between the smooth muscle layers, and
in the outer covering

A

Collagen fibers

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23
Q

consists of the endothelium and a thin subendothelial layer of loose connective tissue sometimes containing smooth muscle fibers

A

tunica intima

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24
Q

consists chiefly of
concentric layers of helically arranged smooth muscle
cells

A

tunica media

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25
Q

is connective
tissue consisting principally of type I collagen and elastic
fibers

A

tunica adventitia

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26
Q

Just as the heart wall is supplied with its own coronary
vasculature for nutrients and O2
, large vessels usually have
__________________________

A

vasa vasorum

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27
Q

are required to provide metabolites to cells in those tunics in larger vessels because the wall is
too thick to be nourished solely by diffusion from the blood in
the lumen

A

vasa vasorum

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28
Q

these include the aorta, the pulmonary artery, and their
largest branches

A

ELASTIC ARTERIES

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29
Q

are slight dilations of the bilateral internal
carotid arteries where they branch from the (elastic) common
carotid arteries

A

Carotid sinuses

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30
Q

monitoring arterial blood pressure

A

baroreceptors

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31
Q

monitor blood CO2
and O2
levels, as well as its pH

A

chemoreceptors

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32
Q

distribute blood to the organs and help regulate blood pressure
by contracting or relaxing the smooth muscle in the media

A

Muscular Arteries

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33
Q

Conduct blood
from heart and
with elastic recoil
help move blood
forward under
steady pressure

A

Elastic arteries

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34
Q

Distribute blood
to all organs and
maintain steady
blood pressure
and flow with
vasodilation and
constriction

A

Muscular arteries

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35
Q

Distribute blood
to arterioles,
adjusting flow with
vasodilation and
constriction

A

Small arteries

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36
Q

Resist and control
blood flow to
capillaries; major
determinant of
systemic blood
pressure

A

Arterioles

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37
Q

Exchange
metabolites by
diffusion to and
from cells

A

Capillaries

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38
Q

Drain capillary
beds; site of
leukocyte exit from
vasculature

A

Venules

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39
Q

Collect blood from
venules

A

Small veins

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40
Q

Carry blood to
larger veins, with
no backflow

A

Medium veins

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41
Q

Return blood to
heart

A

Large veins

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42
Q

permit and regulate metabolic exchange between
blood and surrounding tissues.

A

Capillaries

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43
Q

network of Capillaries

A

capillary beds

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44
Q

have many
tight, well-developed occluding junctions between
slightly overlapping endothelial cells, which provide for
continuity along the endothelium and well-regulated
metabolic exchange across the cells.

A

Continuous capillaries

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45
Q

This is the most
common type of capillary and is found in muscle, connective tissue, lungs, exocrine glands, and nervous tissue.

A

Continuous capillaries

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46
Q

have a sieve-like
structure that allows more extensive molecular exchange
across the endothelium

A

Fenestrated capillaries

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47
Q

permit maximal exchange of
macromolecules as well as allow easier movement of
cells between tissues and blood

A

Discontinuous capillaries, commonly called sinusoids

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48
Q

At various locations along continuous capillaries and
postcapillary venules are mesenchymal cells called

A

pericytes

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49
Q

are the primary site at which white blood cells adhere
to endothelium and leave the circulation at sites of infection
or tissue damage.

A

Venules

50
Q

carry blood back to the heart from microvasculature
all over the body

A

Veins

51
Q

Most veins
are classified as _____________________

A

small or medium veins

52
Q

The big venous trunks, paired with elastic arteries close
to the heart, are the _______________

A

large veins

53
Q

consist of thin, paired folds of the tunica intima
projecting across the lumen, rich in elastic fibers and covered
on both sides by endothelium

A

valves,

54
Q

excess interstitial fluid from the tissue spaces

A

lymph

55
Q

connects with the blood circulatory system near the junction of the left internal jugular vein with the left subclavian vein

A

thoracic duct

56
Q

enters near
the confluence of the right subclavian vein and the right
internal jugular vein

A

right lymphatic duct

57
Q

located in the subendocardial layer of both ventricles, are distinguished from contractile fibers by their greater diameter, abundant glycogen, and more sparse bundles of myofibrils

A

Purkinje fibers

58
Q

separates
the atria from the ventricles, and provides insertions for cardiac
muscle.

A

cardiac
skeleton

59
Q

includes the endothelium, connective tissue, and an internal elastic lamina in larger vessels;

A

tunica intima

60
Q

contains alternating layers of smooth muscle and collagen or elastic lamellae

A

tunica media

61
Q

contains connective tissue, small vessels

A

tunica adventitia

62
Q

contains growth factors and
other proteins released from platelets during clot formation,
which confer biological properties very different from those
of plasma.

A

Serum

63
Q

normally about ____ of the total blood
volume in healthy adults, is called the __________

A

44%, hematocrit

64
Q

The straw-colored, translucent, slightly viscous supernatant comprising 55% at the top half of the centrifugation tube
is the _________________

A

plasma

65
Q

A thin gray-white layer called the ________________________
between the plasma and the hematocrit, about 1% of the volume, consists of leukocytes and platelets, both less dense than
erythrocytes

A

buffy coat

66
Q

is a distributing vehicle, transporting O2 , CO2 ,metabolites, hormones, and other substances to cells throughout the body

A

Blood

67
Q

Most O2
is bound to _______________ in erythrocytes and is much more abundant in arterial than venous
blood

A

hemoglobin

68
Q

have diverse functions and are one of the
body’s chief defenses against infection.

A

Leukocytes

69
Q

aqueous solution containing substances of low or high molecular weight that make up
7% of its volume

A

Plasma

70
Q

pH of Plasma

A

7.4

71
Q

the dissolved components are mostly plasma proteins, but they
also include nutrients, respiratory gases, nitrogenous
waste products, hormones, and inorganic ions collectively
called _____________________

A

electrolytes

72
Q

the most abundant plasma protein, is made
in the liver and serves primarily to maintain the osmotic
pressure of the blood

A

Albumin

73
Q

made by the liver and
other cells, include transferrin and other transport factors; fibronectin; prothrombin and other coagulation
factors; lipoproteins and other proteins entering blood
from tissues

A

Globulins

74
Q

secreted by plasma cells in many locations

A

Immunoglobulins

75
Q

the largest plasma protein (340 kD), also made in the liver, which, during clotting, polymerizes as insoluble, cross-linked fibers of fibrin that block blood loss from small vessels.

A

Fibrinogen

76
Q

which comprise a defensive
system important in inflammation and destruction of
microorganisms.

A

Complement proteins

77
Q

how many % of plasma in blood

A

55%

78
Q

plasma consists of

A

92% water
7% protein
1% other solutes

79
Q

protein in plasma consists of

A

Albumins 58%
Globulins 37%
Fibrinogen 4%
Regulatory proteins <1%

80
Q

how many % of RBC in blood

A

44%

81
Q

how many % of Buddy coat in blood

A

<1%

82
Q

Buffy Coat consists of

A

Platelets and Leukocytes

83
Q

Leukocytes consists of

A

Neutrophils 50-70%
Lymphocytes 20-40%
Monocytes 2-8%
Eosinophils 1-4%
Basophils 0.5-1%

84
Q

Is the solvent in which formed
elements are suspended
and proteins and solutes are
dissolved

A

Water (~92% of plasma)

85
Q

All proteins serve to buffer
against pH changes

A

Plasma proteins (~7% of plasma)

86
Q

Exerts osmotic force to
retain fluid within the
microvasculature
Contributes to blood’s
viscosity
Binds and transports some
fatty acids, electrolytes,
hormones, and drugs

A

Albumin (~58% of plasma
proteins)

87
Q

transport lipids
and some metal ion

A

α-Globulins

88
Q

transport iron ions
and lipids in bloodstream

A

β-Globulins

89
Q

are antibodies
with various immune
functions

A

γ-Globulins

90
Q

Participates in blood
coagulation (clotting);
precursor of fibrin

A

Fibrinogen

91
Q

Consists of enzymes,
proenzymes, hormones, and
the complement system

A

Regulatory proteins

92
Q

Help establish and maintain
membrane potentials,
maintain pH balance, and
regulate osmosis (control of
the percentages of water and
salt in the blood)

A

Electrolytes

93
Q

Energy source; precursor for
synthesizing other molecules

A

Nutrients

94
Q

terminally differentiated structures lacking nuclei and completely filled
with the O2
-carrying protein hemoglobin.

A

Erythrocytes

95
Q

Human erythrocytes normally survive in the circulation
for about _______

A

120 days.

96
Q

y. Leukocytes are divided into two major
groups,

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes,

97
Q

Granulocytes possess two major types of abundant
cytoplasmic granules:

A

azurophilic granules
specific granules

98
Q

Granulocytes also have polymorphic nuclei with two
or more distinct (almost separated) lobes and include the

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

99
Q

lack specific granules but do contain
some azurophilic granules

A

Agranulocytes

100
Q

Agranulocytes include

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

101
Q

trigger loosening of intercellular junctions in the endothelial cells of local
postcapillary venules

A

cytokines

102
Q

Kill and phagocytose
bacteria

A

Neutrophils

103
Q

Kill helminthic and
other parasites;
modulate local
inflammation

A

Eosinophils

104
Q

Modulate inflammation,
release histamine during
allergy

A

Basophils

105
Q

Effector and regulatory
cells for adaptive
immunity

A

Lymphocytes

106
Q

Precursors of
macrophages and
other mononuclear
phagocytic cells

A

Monocytes

107
Q

generates hypochlorite and other agents toxic to bacteria

A

Myeloperoxidase

108
Q

degrades components of bacterial
cell walls

A

Lysozyme

109
Q

small cysteine-rich proteins that bind and
disrupt the cell membranes of many types of bacteria
and other microorganisms

A

Defensins

110
Q

usually the first leukocytes to arrive at
sites of infection where they actively pursue bacterial cells
using chemotaxis and remove the invaders or their debris by
phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils

111
Q

are far less numerous than neutrophils, constituting only 1%-4% of leukocytes. increases during helminthic infections and allergic reactions

A

Eosinophils

112
Q

The strong basophilia of the basophil granules is due to the presence of ____________ and
other sulfated GAGs.

A

heparin

113
Q

By far the most numerous type of agranulocyte in normal
blood smears

A

Lymphocytes

114
Q

are precursor cells of macrophages, osteoclasts,
microglia, and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system in connective tissue of nearly all organs

A

Monocytes

115
Q

are very small nonnucleated, membrane-bound cell fragments only 2-4 μm in diameter.

A

Platelets

116
Q

platelets originate by separation from the ends of cytoplasmic processes extending from giant polyploid bone marrow
cells called ______________________

A

megakaryocytes

117
Q

the most abundant type of leukocyte, have polymorphic, multilobed nuclei, and faint pink cytoplasmic granules that
contain many factors for highly efficient phagolysosomal killing and
removal of bacteria.

A

Neutrophils

118
Q

have bilobed nuclei and eosinophilic-specific granules
containing factors for destruction of helminthic parasites and for
modulating inflammation

A

Eosinophils

119
Q

the rarest type of circulating leukocyte, have irregular
bilobed nuclei and resemble mast cells with strongly basophilicspecific granules containing factors important in allergies and
chronic inflammatory conditions, including histamine, heparin,
chemokines, and various hydrolases

A

Basophils

120
Q

agranulocytes with many functions as T- and B-cell
subtypes in the immune system, range widely in size, depending on
their activation state, and have roughly spherical nuclei with little
cytoplasm and few organelles

A

Lymphocytes,

121
Q

are larger agranulocytes with distinctly indented or
C-shaped nuclei, which circulate as precursors of macrophages and
other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system

A

■ Monocytes

122
Q

are small (2-4 μm) cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow, with a marginal bundle of actin filaments,
alpha granules and delta granules, and an open canalicular system
of membranous vesicles; rapid degranulation on contact with collagen triggers blood clotting

A

Platelets

2A PRELIM (25 decks)

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