HISTO CIRC AND BLOOD

Question 1

propels blood through the system and is
surrounded by the pericardium

Answer 1

HEART

Question 2

a fibrous sac lined by
serous mesothelium.

Answer 2

pericardium

Question 3

a series of vessels efferent from the heart that
become smaller as they branch into the various organs,
carry blood to the tissues.

Answer 3

Arteries

Question 4

the smallest vessels, are the sites of O2 , CO2 nutrient, and waste product exchange between blood and
tissues

Answer 4

Capillaries

Question 5

capillaries
in almost every organ form a complex network of thin,
anastomosing tubules called the _________________________

Answer 5

microvasculature

Question 6

result from the convergence of venules into a system of larger channels which continue enlarging as they
approach the heart, toward which they carry the blood to
be pumped again.

Answer 6

Veins

Question 7

two major divisions of arteries,
microvasculature, and veins make up the ______________________, where blood is oxygenated in the lungs, and the ___________________, where blood brings nutrients and removes
wastes in tissues throughout the body.

Answer 7

pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation,

Question 8

thin-walled, closed-ended
tubules carrying lymph that merge to form vessels of steadily increasing size

Answer 8

lymphatic capillaries

Question 9

The internal surface of all components of the blood and
lymphatic systems is lined by a simple squamous epithelium
called ______________

Answer 9

endothelium

Question 10

propel
blood to the pulmonary and systemic circulations

Answer 10

ventricles

Question 11

receive blood from the body and
the pulmonary veins, respectively

Answer 11

atria

Question 12

consists of the lining endothelium, its supporting layer of fibroelastic connective tissue with scattered fibers of smooth muscle, and a deeper layer of connective tissue

Answer 12

endocardium

Question 13

consists mainly of typically contractile cardiac muscle fibers arranged spirally around each
heart chamber

Answer 13

myocardium

Question 14

Because strong force is required to pump blood through the systemic and pulmonary circulations, the _______________ is much thicker in the walls of the ventricles than the atria

Answer 14

myocardium

Question 15

the wall of the ______________ is about ________________ than that of the right ventricle because the left side must produce sufficient force to propel blood through the much larger systemic circulation with its multiple capillary beds

Answer 15

left ventricle, three times thicker

Question 16

is a simple squamous mesothelium
supported by a layer of loose connective tissue containing
blood vessels and nerves

Answer 16

epicardium

Question 17

The epicardium
corresponds to the ______________________, the
membrane surrounding the heart.

Answer 17

visceral layer of the pericardium

Question 18

These are pale-staining
fibers, larger than the adjacent contractile fibers, with sparse,
peripheral myofibrils, and much glycogen

Answer 18

Purkinje fibers

Question 19

is a specialized epithelium that acts
as a semipermeable barrier between two major internal compartments: the blood and the interstitial tissue fluid.

Answer 19

endothelium

Question 20

The endothelium presents a _______________________
on which blood will not clot and actively secretes agents
that control local clot formation

Answer 20

nonthrombogenic surface

Question 21

occur in the walls of all vessels
larger than capillaries and are arranged helically in layers

Answer 21

Smooth muscle fibers

Question 22

are found in the
subendothelial layer, between the smooth muscle layers, and
in the outer covering

Answer 22

Collagen fibers

Question 23

consists of the endothelium and a thin subendothelial layer of loose connective tissue sometimes containing smooth muscle fibers

Answer 23

tunica intima

Question 24

consists chiefly of
concentric layers of helically arranged smooth muscle
cells

Answer 24

tunica media

Question 25

is connective tissue consisting principally of type I collagen and elastic fibers

Answer 25

tunica adventitia

Question 26

Just as the heart wall is supplied with its own coronary vasculature for nutrients and O2 , large vessels usually have __________________________

Answer 26

vasa vasorum

Question 27

are required to provide metabolites to cells in those tunics in larger vessels because the wall is too thick to be nourished solely by diffusion from the blood in the lumen

Answer 27

vasa vasorum

Question 28

these include the aorta, the pulmonary artery, and their largest branches

Answer 28

ELASTIC ARTERIES

Question 29

are slight dilations of the bilateral internal carotid arteries where they branch from the (elastic) common carotid arteries

Answer 29

Carotid sinuses

Question 30

monitoring arterial blood pressure

Answer 30

baroreceptors

Question 31

monitor blood CO2 and O2 levels, as well as its pH

Answer 31

chemoreceptors

Question 32

distribute blood to the organs and help regulate blood pressure by contracting or relaxing the smooth muscle in the media

Answer 32

Muscular Arteries

Question 33

Conduct blood from heart and with elastic recoil help move blood forward under steady pressure

Answer 33

Elastic arteries

Question 34

Distribute blood to all organs and maintain steady blood pressure and flow with vasodilation and constriction

Answer 34

Muscular arteries

Question 35

Distribute blood to arterioles, adjusting flow with vasodilation and constriction

Answer 35

Small arteries

Question 36

Resist and control blood flow to capillaries; major determinant of systemic blood pressure

Answer 36

Arterioles

Question 37

Exchange metabolites by diffusion to and from cells

Answer 37

Capillaries

Question 38

Drain capillary beds; site of leukocyte exit from vasculature

Answer 38

Venules

Question 39

Collect blood from venules

Answer 39

Small veins

Question 40

Carry blood to larger veins, with no backflow

Answer 40

Medium veins

Question 41

Return blood to heart

Answer 41

Large veins

Question 42

permit and regulate metabolic exchange between blood and surrounding tissues.

Answer 42

Capillaries

Question 43

network of Capillaries

Answer 43

capillary beds

Question 44

have many tight, well-developed occluding junctions between slightly overlapping endothelial cells, which provide for continuity along the endothelium and well-regulated metabolic exchange across the cells.

Answer 44

Continuous capillaries

Question 45

This is the most common type of capillary and is found in muscle, connective tissue, lungs, exocrine glands, and nervous tissue.

Answer 45

Continuous capillaries

Question 46

have a sieve-like structure that allows more extensive molecular exchange across the endothelium

Answer 46

Fenestrated capillaries

Question 47

permit maximal exchange of macromolecules as well as allow easier movement of cells between tissues and blood

Answer 47

Discontinuous capillaries, commonly called sinusoids

Question 48

At various locations along continuous capillaries and postcapillary venules are mesenchymal cells called

Answer 48

pericytes

Question 49

are the primary site at which white blood cells adhere to endothelium and leave the circulation at sites of infection or tissue damage.

Answer 49

Venules

Question 50

carry blood back to the heart from microvasculature all over the body

Answer 50

Veins

Question 51

Most veins are classified as _____________________

Answer 51

small or medium veins

Question 52

The big venous trunks, paired with elastic arteries close to the heart, are the _______________

Answer 52

large veins

Question 53

consist of thin, paired folds of the tunica intima projecting across the lumen, rich in elastic fibers and covered on both sides by endothelium

Answer 53

valves,

Question 54

excess interstitial fluid from the tissue spaces

Answer 54

lymph

Question 55

connects with the blood circulatory system near the junction of the left internal jugular vein with the left subclavian vein

Answer 55

thoracic duct

Question 56

enters near the confluence of the right subclavian vein and the right internal jugular vein

Answer 56

right lymphatic duct

Question 57

located in the subendocardial layer of both ventricles, are distinguished from contractile fibers by their greater diameter, abundant glycogen, and more sparse bundles of myofibrils

Answer 57

Purkinje fibers

Question 58

separates the atria from the ventricles, and provides insertions for cardiac muscle.

Answer 58

cardiac skeleton

Question 59

includes the endothelium, connective tissue, and an internal elastic lamina in larger vessels;

Answer 59

tunica intima

Question 60

contains alternating layers of smooth muscle and collagen or elastic lamellae

Answer 60

tunica media

Question 61

contains connective tissue, small vessels

Answer 61

tunica adventitia

Question 62

contains growth factors and other proteins released from platelets during clot formation, which confer biological properties very different from those of plasma.

Answer 62

Serum

Question 63

normally about ____ of the total blood volume in healthy adults, is called the __________

Answer 63

44%, hematocrit

Question 64

The straw-colored, translucent, slightly viscous supernatant comprising 55% at the top half of the centrifugation tube is the _________________

Answer 64

plasma

Question 65

A thin gray-white layer called the ________________________ between the plasma and the hematocrit, about 1% of the volume, consists of leukocytes and platelets, both less dense than erythrocytes

Answer 65

buffy coat

Question 66

is a distributing vehicle, transporting O2 , CO2 ,metabolites, hormones, and other substances to cells throughout the body

Answer 66

Blood

Question 67

Most O2 is bound to _______________ in erythrocytes and is much more abundant in arterial than venous blood

Answer 67

hemoglobin

Question 68

have diverse functions and are one of the body’s chief defenses against infection.

Answer 68

Leukocytes

Question 69

aqueous solution containing substances of low or high molecular weight that make up 7% of its volume

Answer 69

Plasma

Question 70

pH of Plasma

Answer 70

7.4

Question 71

the dissolved components are mostly plasma proteins, but they also include nutrients, respiratory gases, nitrogenous waste products, hormones, and inorganic ions collectively called _____________________

Answer 71

electrolytes

Question 72

the most abundant plasma protein, is made in the liver and serves primarily to maintain the osmotic pressure of the blood

Answer 72

Albumin

Question 73

made by the liver and other cells, include transferrin and other transport factors; fibronectin; prothrombin and other coagulation factors; lipoproteins and other proteins entering blood from tissues

Answer 73

Globulins

Question 74

secreted by plasma cells in many locations

Answer 74

Immunoglobulins

Question 75

the largest plasma protein (340 kD), also made in the liver, which, during clotting, polymerizes as insoluble, cross-linked fibers of fibrin that block blood loss from small vessels.

Answer 75

Fibrinogen

Question 76

which comprise a defensive system important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms.

Answer 76

Complement proteins

Question 77

how many % of plasma in blood

Answer 77

55%

Question 78

plasma consists of

Answer 78

92% water 7% protein 1% other solutes

Question 79

protein in plasma consists of

Answer 79

Albumins 58% Globulins 37% Fibrinogen 4% Regulatory proteins <1%

Question 80

how many % of RBC in blood

Answer 80

44%

Question 81

how many % of Buddy coat in blood

Answer 81

<1%

Question 82

Buffy Coat consists of

Answer 82

Platelets and Leukocytes

Question 83

Leukocytes consists of

Answer 83

Neutrophils 50-70% Lymphocytes 20-40% Monocytes 2-8% Eosinophils 1-4% Basophils 0.5-1%

Question 84

Is the solvent in which formed elements are suspended and proteins and solutes are dissolved

Answer 84

Water (~92% of plasma)

Question 85

All proteins serve to buffer against pH changes

Answer 85

Plasma proteins (~7% of plasma)

Question 86

Exerts osmotic force to retain fluid within the microvasculature Contributes to blood’s viscosity Binds and transports some fatty acids, electrolytes, hormones, and drugs

Answer 86

Albumin (~58% of plasma proteins)

Question 87

transport lipids and some metal ion

Answer 87

α-Globulins

Question 88

transport iron ions and lipids in bloodstream

Answer 88

β-Globulins

Question 89

are antibodies with various immune functions

Answer 89

γ-Globulins

Question 90

Participates in blood coagulation (clotting); precursor of fibrin

Answer 90

Fibrinogen

Question 91

Consists of enzymes, proenzymes, hormones, and the complement system

Answer 91

Regulatory proteins

Question 92

Help establish and maintain membrane potentials, maintain pH balance, and regulate osmosis (control of the percentages of water and salt in the blood)

Answer 92

Electrolytes

Question 93

Energy source; precursor for synthesizing other molecules

Answer 93

Nutrients

Question 94

terminally differentiated structures lacking nuclei and completely filled with the O2 -carrying protein hemoglobin.

Answer 94

Erythrocytes

Question 95

Human erythrocytes normally survive in the circulation for about _______

Answer 95

120 days.

Question 96

y. Leukocytes are divided into two major groups,

Answer 96

granulocytes and agranulocytes,

Question 97

Granulocytes possess two major types of abundant cytoplasmic granules:

Answer 97

azurophilic granules specific granules

Question 98

Granulocytes also have polymorphic nuclei with two or more distinct (almost separated) lobes and include the

Answer 98

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 99

lack specific granules but do contain some azurophilic granules

Answer 99

Agranulocytes

Question 100

Agranulocytes include

Answer 100

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 101

trigger loosening of intercellular junctions in the endothelial cells of local postcapillary venules

Answer 101

cytokines

Question 102

Kill and phagocytose bacteria

Answer 102

Neutrophils

Question 103

Kill helminthic and other parasites; modulate local inflammation

Answer 103

Eosinophils

Question 104

Modulate inflammation, release histamine during allergy

Answer 104

Basophils

Question 105

Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity

Answer 105

Lymphocytes

Question 106

Precursors of macrophages and other mononuclear phagocytic cells

Answer 106

Monocytes

Question 107

generates hypochlorite and other agents toxic to bacteria

Answer 107

Myeloperoxidase

Question 108

degrades components of bacterial cell walls

Answer 108

Lysozyme

Question 109

small cysteine-rich proteins that bind and disrupt the cell membranes of many types of bacteria and other microorganisms

Answer 109

Defensins

Question 110

usually the first leukocytes to arrive at sites of infection where they actively pursue bacterial cells using chemotaxis and remove the invaders or their debris by phagocytosis

Answer 110

Neutrophils

Question 111

are far less numerous than neutrophils, constituting only 1%-4% of leukocytes. increases during helminthic infections and allergic reactions

Answer 111

Eosinophils

Question 112

The strong basophilia of the basophil granules is due to the presence of ____________ and other sulfated GAGs.

Answer 112

heparin

Question 113

By far the most numerous type of agranulocyte in normal blood smears

Answer 113

Lymphocytes

Question 114

are precursor cells of macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia, and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system in connective tissue of nearly all organs

Answer 114

Monocytes

Question 115

are very small nonnucleated, membrane-bound cell fragments only 2-4 μm in diameter.

Answer 115

Platelets

Question 116

platelets originate by separation from the ends of cytoplasmic processes extending from giant polyploid bone marrow cells called ______________________

Answer 116

megakaryocytes

Question 117

the most abundant type of leukocyte, have polymorphic, multilobed nuclei, and faint pink cytoplasmic granules that contain many factors for highly efficient phagolysosomal killing and removal of bacteria.

Answer 117

Neutrophils

Question 118

have bilobed nuclei and eosinophilic-specific granules containing factors for destruction of helminthic parasites and for modulating inflammation

Answer 118

Eosinophils

Question 119

the rarest type of circulating leukocyte, have irregular bilobed nuclei and resemble mast cells with strongly basophilicspecific granules containing factors important in allergies and chronic inflammatory conditions, including histamine, heparin, chemokines, and various hydrolases

Answer 119

Basophils

Question 120

agranulocytes with many functions as T- and B-cell subtypes in the immune system, range widely in size, depending on their activation state, and have roughly spherical nuclei with little cytoplasm and few organelles

Answer 120

Lymphocytes,

Question 121

are larger agranulocytes with distinctly indented or C-shaped nuclei, which circulate as precursors of macrophages and other cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system

Answer 121

■ Monocytes

Question 122

are small (2-4 μm) cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow, with a marginal bundle of actin filaments, alpha granules and delta granules, and an open canalicular system of membranous vesicles; rapid degranulation on contact with collagen triggers blood clotting

Answer 122

Platelets