BACTE AMR

Question 1

a chemical substance produced by microorganisms
with the capacity to inhibit (bacteriostatic) or kill
(bactericidal) other microorganisms

Answer 1

ANTIBIOTICS

Question 2

effective against a limited number of
pathogens

Answer 2

Narrow-spectrum

Question 3

destroys different kinds of organisms

Answer 3

Broad spectrum

Question 4

examples for Broad spectrum

Answer 4

ampicillin, cephalosporins, chloramphenicol,
ciprofloxacin, rifampicin, sulfonamides,
trimethoprim, tetracycline

Question 5

examples for Narrow spectrum

Answer 5

bacitracin, clindamycin, dapsone,
erythromycin, gentamicin, isoniazid,
penicillin, polymyxin b, and vancomycin

Question 6

produced by bacteria or fungi

Answer 6

Natural drugs

Question 7

modified natural drugs with
added chemical groups (ampicillin, carbenicillin,
methicillin)

Answer 7

Semi-synthetic drugs

Question 8

chemically-produced drugs
(sulfonamides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol,
ciprofloxacin, isoniazid, dapsone)

Answer 8

Synthetic drugs

Question 9

Bacillus subtilis

Answer 9

Bacitracin

Question 10

Bacillus polymyxa

Answer 10

Polymyxin

Question 11

Cephalosporium

Answer 11

Cephalosporins

Question 12

Micromonospora purpurea

Answer 12

Gentamicin

Question 13

Streptomyces erythraeus

Answer 13

Erythromycin

Question 14

Streptomyces fradiae

Answer 14

Neomycin

Question 15

Streptomyces nodosus

Answer 15

Amphotericin B

Question 16

Streptomyces noursei

Answer 16

Nystatin

Question 17

Streptomyces venezuelae

Answer 17

Chloramphenicol

Question 18

agents that inhibit bacterial growth; but generally, they
do not kill the microorganisms

Answer 18

Bacteriostatic agents

Question 19

example for Bacteriostatic agents

Answer 19

(chloramphenicol,
dapsone, erythromycin, clindamycin, isoniazid,
sulfonamides, and tetracycline)

Question 20

agents that usually kill or destroy organisms; used for
life-threatening infections

Answer 20

Bactericidal agents

Question 21

example for Bactericidal agents

Answer 21

(aminoglycosides
—gentamicin, amikacin, and streptomycin;
beta-lactams, glycopeptides, isoniazid, rifampicin,
quinolones, bacitracin, and metronidazole)

Question 22

These are the most selective antibiotics with a high
therapeutic index

Answer 22

CELL-WALL INHIBITORS

Question 23

● They inhibit the activity of the transpeptidase
enzymes in which cell growth stops and the death of
the cells often follows
● These drugs are effective against Gram-positive
bacteria

Answer 23

CELL-WALL INHIBITORS

Question 24

CELL-WALL INHIBITORS examples

Answer 24

Bacitracin, B-lactams, carbenicillin

Question 25

Binds to the penicillin-binding proteins
(transpeptidase-transglycosylase) —involved
in cell wall cross-linking, inhibiting
transpeptidation and cell wall synthesis

Answer 25

Beta-lactams

Question 26

types of Beta-lactams

Answer 26

penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems,
and monobactams

Question 27

These antibiotics bind to the 30s subunit resulting in the misreading of mRNA and thus interfering with
aminoacyl-tRNA binding

Answer 27

Protein-synthesis inhibitors

Question 28

It also binds with the 50S subunit resulting in the
inhibition of peptidyl-transferase and peptide chain
elongation

Answer 28

Protein-synthesis inhibitors

Question 29

Drugs that bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit —

Answer 29

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and
spectinomycin

Question 30

Drugs that bind to the 50s ribosomal subunit—

Answer 30

chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin,
clindamycin, and streptogramins

Question 31

Blocks the initial step in protein synthesis

Answer 31

linezolid

Question 32

antimicrobial agents that target DNA
metabolism

Answer 32

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

Question 33

The primary antimicrobial agents that target DNA
metabolism are the _________________________________

Answer 33

fluoroquinolones and
metronidazole

Question 34

derivatives of nalidixic acid; interfere with DNA gyrase
and topoisomerase IV and are highly effective for
enteric bacteria like E. Coli:

Answer 34

Quinolones/fluoroquinolones

Question 35

disrupts DNA and is effective against anaerobic
bacteria

Answer 35

Metronidazole

Question 36

most potent against anaerobic
microaerophilic organisms, notably those
that are gram-negative

Answer 36

Metronidazole

Question 37

inhibits RNA polymerase; inhibits RNA synthesis
○ Does not effectively penetrate the outer
member membrane of most gram-negative
bacteria

Answer 37

Rifampicin

Question 38

competitively
inhibits the binding of the structural analog
aminobenzoic acid with dihydropteroate
synthase, blocks the formation of
7,8-dihydropteroate

Answer 38

Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ)

Question 39

prevents the dihydrofolate
reductase—mediated recycling of folate
coenzymes, blocks the formation of THF

Answer 39

Trimethoprim

Question 40

cord factor inhibitor; cord factor is found in
the cell wall of TMP

Answer 40

Isoniazid

Question 41

● Bind to the terminal D-Ala-D-Ala of the
pentapeptide-glycosyl peptidoglycan intermediates

Answer 41

Glycopeptides

Question 42

The clinical spectrum is limited to gram-positive
microorganisms

Answer 42

Glycopeptides

Question 43

types of Glycopeptides

Answer 43

Vancomycin, dalbavancin, teicoplanin