CIE Flashcards
is responsible for analyzing patient specimens in order to provide information to aid in the diagnosis of disease and evaluate the effectiveness of therapy.
clinical laboratory
is a quantitative science that is concerned with measurement of amounts of
biologically important substances (called analytes) in body fluids.
Clinical chemistry
performs determinations of the numbers and characteristics of the formed elements in the blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) as well as
tests of the function of physiological systems in the blood (clotting studies)
hematology section
performs test procedure on culture and susceptibility testing and differential stain like gram stain and acid fast to determine whether pathological
microorganisms are present.
microbiology section
performs scientific analysis of non-blood body fluids such
as urine and stool.
Clinical Microscopy section
processes and store blood to ensure that blood products are
safe before they are used in blood transfusion.
blood bank/Serology section
includes typing the blood for
compatibility and testing for infectious diseases.
Blood banking
the delivery of a specimen to the pathology laboratory initiates a
complex series of events resulting in a pathologic diagnosis/interpretation.
Histopathology section
is a process or procedure that is performed by the combined activities of Medical Technologist and machine.
Semi-automation
keep track of patient specimens, organize
the flow of work, automatically acquire test results from some types of instruments, maintain
test-result databases, report results to on-line devices in patient-care areas, prepare printed
reports, assist in quality control, and support a variety of management functions.
Laboratory information systems
substances of clinical interest selectively absorb or emit electromagnetic energy at different
wavelengths.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY For most laboratory applications, wavelengths in the range of the ___________________, the _________________________, or the near__________________ are
used; the majority of the instruments operate in the visible range
ultraviolet (200 to 400 nm)
visible (400 to 700 nm)
infrared (700 to 800 nm)
measures the amount of light that is scattered as it passes through the
particulate solution.
Nephelometry
measures the decrease in the amount of light as it passes through a
particulate solution
Turbidimetry
determination of the concentration of a
variety of elements, including calcium, lead, copper, zinc, iron, and magnesium. Majority
of atoms in a flame absorb energy at a characteristic wavelength.
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)
found in highly automated immunoassay systems
for measuring drugs, hormones, and other unique chemical analytes.
Fluorometry and Chemiluminescence
measure fluorescence, a type of luminescence in which electrons
within a chemical are induced to absorb light and become excited using high-
energy radiation. The result is emission of low-energy light wavelengths.
Fluorometers
used commonly with automated immunoassay methods. The
cause of luminescence is due to a chemical reaction producing light emission rather
than high-energy light absorption.
Chemiluminescence
measures change in electrical potential between a detecting electrode and a
standard reference electrode in which current is kept constant. Ion-selective electrodes (ISEs)
are used to measure the activity of one ion versus other ions.
Potentiometry
is a method employing measurement of coulombs, the flow of electrons
per unit of time where titration is a process of determining an unknown concentration
of a substance by reacting it with an equivalent concentration of a known substance.
Coulometry
specific type of electrochemical titration. It employs two electrodes
charged with a constant electrical potential.
Amperometry
is the combined ability of all ions in a solution to conduct or carry an
electrical charge.
Conductivity
is an electrochemical technique for measuring the concentration of
reducible elements by means of a cathode and measurement of the current flowing
through an electrochemical cell to the anode
Polarography
an electrochemical technique similar to polarography except that electrical
potential is varied over time. There is typically a working reference electrode and direct
current is applied to it initially as a large negative potential is generated
Voltammetry
term for analysis of osmolality. Dissolved particles affect a solution by altering
the solution’s colligative properties, such as lowering the vapor pressure or lowering the
freezing point.
Osmometry-
movement of charged particles when placed into an electrical field of varying
electrical potential.
Electrophoresis-
It is a tool that is used to separate molecules
prior to molecule identification.
Electrophoresis-
separate molecules based on their relative distribution between two
different phases.
CHROMATOGRAPHY
CHROMATOGRAPHY Separation takes place on a ______________________ under the influence of a ______________________________
stationary or nonmoving phase, mobile or moving phase.
separation takes place on a flat surface or plane.
Plane Chromatography
Plane Chromatography The mobile phase, often a ________, is the moving phase. The stationary phase is nonmoving and may be ______________________________
liquid
minute beads, polymer gel, or paper.
uses a thin layer of silica gel, alumina gel, polyacrylamide gel,
or starch gel attached to a glass plate as stationary phase. The mobile phase is a liquid
solvent.
Thin-Layer Chromatography
involves the interaction of the sample mixture with a mobile phase,
often a liquid or a gas, while the stationary phase is a medium in a column.
Column Chromatography
type of column chromatography, but relying
on the force of gravity to move the samples and mobile phase through the column, it
utilizes pressure to force sample through the column.
High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
utilizes an inert gas, like helium, as the mobile phase to move
a sample through a column.
Gas chromatography (GC)
fractionates molecules into unique
components that can be separated electromagnetically to give a unique mass spectrum.
GC with mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS)
most accurate detector in gas chromatography
Mass spectrometry
analytical method that uses antibodies or antigens as reagents to measure
specific chemicals, or analytes.
IMMUNOASSAY
a single-site noncompetitive immunoassay. An antibody of known
antigenicity is tagged with label.
Type I
known as a two-site immunoassay. A noncompetitive but
uses two antibody-binding reactions.
Type II immunoassay
refers to an immunoassay that is both competitive and homogeneous.
Type III
is a competitive heterogeneous immunoassay
Type IV
An enzyme is a common label that is used to detect an
immunoassay reaction. (ELISA)
Enzyme-Labeled Immunoassay-
The measurement of fluorescent compounds increases the sensitivity of the
measurement of the label reaction. Methods that measure fluorescence must be
carefully controlled for false-positive reactions from contaminating substances and
false-negative reactions that can occur from fluorescence quenching.
Fluorescent-Labeled Immunoassay
is produced by compounds such as luminol and acridinium
esters that have the ability to produce light energy by chemical reaction. The light
may be seen as a flash or a glow.
Chemiluminescence
assess the formation or inhibition of a precipitation or
aggregation event.
Particle immunoassays
Aggregation is measured by ________________________________
nephelometry or turbidimetry.
Process of using a machine to perform steps in laboratory testing with only minimal
involvement by the analyst.
AUTOMATION
Containment principles, technologies and practices
that are implemented to prevent the unintentional
exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their accidental
release
BIOSAFETy
backbone of the practice of biosafety is _______________________________
risk assessment
a microorganism that is unlikely to cause human or animal disease
RISK GROUP 1
A pathogen that can cause human or animal disease but is unlikely to be a serious hazard to laboratory workers
RISK GROUP 2
A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease but does not ordinarily spread from one infected individual to another. Effective treatment and preventive measures are available
RISK GROUP 3
A pathogen that usually causes serious human or animal disease and that can be readily transmitted from one individual to another, directly and indirectly. Effective treatment and preventive measure are not usually available
RISK GROUP 4
the protection, control, and accountability for valuable biological material within the laboratory, in order to prevent their unauthorized access, loss, theft, misuse, division, or intentional release
BIOSECURITY
Non infectious dry waste
BLACK BAG
Non infectious wet waste
GREEN BAG
Infectious and Pathological Waste
YELLOW BAG
Chemical waste including those w/ heavy metal
YELLOW WITH BLACK BAND
Radioactive Waste
ORANGE BAG
Sharps and pressurized container
RED BAG
preferred method of DECONTAMINATION
STEAM AUTOCLAVING
5S
SORT
SET IN ORDER
SHINE
STANDARDIZE
SUSTAIN
materials that require administrative, control,
accountability and specific protective and monitoring measures to protect their value, and
the population from their potential to cause harm.
Valuable Biological Material VBM
the person who has immediate responsibility for the laboratory ensures the development and
adoption of a biosafety management plan and a safety or operations manual
Biosafety management
