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2A PRELIM > HISTO > Flashcards

HISTO Flashcards

1
Q

four basic tissue types:

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues

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2
Q

composed
of the cells responsible for the organ’s specialized functions

A

parenchyma

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3
Q

cells of which have a supporting role in the organ

A

stroma

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4
Q

Except in the brain and spinal cord, the stroma is
always ______________________

A

connective tissue.

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5
Q

are composed of closely aggregated
polyhedral cells adhering strongly to one another and to a thin
layer of ECM, forming cellular sheets that line the cavities of
organs and cover the body surface

A

Epithelial tissues

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6
Q

The principal functions of epithelial tissues include the
following:

A
  • Covering, lining, and protecting surfaces (eg, epidermis)
  • Absorption (eg, the intestinal lining)
  • Secretion (eg, parenchymal cells of glands)
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7
Q

Specific cells of certain epithelia may be contractile

A

myoepithelial cells

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8
Q

taste buds or the olfactory epithelium

A

specialized sensory cells

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9
Q

CELLS:
Aggregated polyhedral cells

ECM:
Small amount

FUNCTION:
Lining of surface or body cavities; glandular secretion

A

Epithelial

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10
Q

CELLS:
Several types of fixed and wandering cells

ECM:
Abundant amount

FUNCTION:
Support and protection of tissues/organs

A

Connective

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11
Q

CELLS:
Elongated contractile cells

ECM:
Moderate amount

FUNCTION:
Strong contraction; body movements

A

Muscle

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12
Q

CELLS:
Elongated cells with extremely fine processes

ECM:
Very small amount

FUNCTION:
Transmission of nerve impulses

A

Nervous

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13
Q

generally have elongated
nuclei,

A

Columnar cells

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14
Q

have flattened nuclei

A

squamous cells

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15
Q

have more spherical nuclei

A

cuboidal or
pyramidal cells

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16
Q

The connective tissue that underlies
the epithelia lining the organs of the digestive, respiratory,
and urinary systems

A

lamina propria

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17
Q

area of contact between the two tissues may be increased by small
evaginations

A

papillae

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18
Q

The region of the cell contacting the ECM and connective tissue
is called

A

basal pole

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19
Q

the opposite end, usually facing a
space

A

apical pole

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20
Q

The basal surface of all epithelia rests on a thin extracellular,
felt-like sheet of macromolecules referred to as

A

basement
membrane

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21
Q

With the transmission electron microscope (TEM) two
parts of the basement membrane may be resolved. Nearest
the epithelial cells is the _____________________________, a thin, electron-dense,
sheetlike layer of fine fibrils, and beneath this layer is a more
diffuse and fibrous ________________________

A

basal lamina, reticular lamina

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22
Q

large glycoproteins that attach to
transmembrane integrin proteins in the basal cell membrane and project through the mesh formed by the type
IV collagen

A

Laminin:

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23
Q

Respectively a short, rodlike
protein and a proteoglycan, both of these cross-link laminins to the type IV collagen network, helping to provide
the basal lamina’s three-dimensional structure, to bind
the epithelium to that structure, and to determine its
porosity and the size of molecules able to filter through it.

A

Nidogen and perlecan:

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24
Q

form a seal between adjacent cells.

A

Tight or occluding junctions

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25
Q

bind epithelial
cells to the underlying basal lamina.

A

Hemidesmosomes

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26
Q

Seals adjacent cells to
one another, controlling
passage of molecules
between them;
separates apical and
basolateral membrane
domains

A

Tight Junction
(Zonula Occludens)

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27
Q

Provides points linking
the cytoskeletons
of adjacent cells;
strengthens and
stabilizes nearby tight
junctions

A

Adherens Junction
(Zonula Adherens)

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28
Q

Provides points of
strong intermediate
filament coupling
between adjacent cells,
strengthening the tissue

A

Desmosome
(Macula Adherens)

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29
Q

Anchors cytoskeleton
to the basal lamina

A

Hemidesmosome

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30
Q

Allows direct
transfer of small
molecules and
ions from one cell
to another

A

Gap Junction
(Nexus)

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31
Q

are sites of strong
cell adhesion

A

Adherent or anchoring junctions

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32
Q

are channels for communication
between adjacent cells.

A

■ Gap junctions

33
Q

The seal between the two cell membranes is due
to tight interactions between the transmembrane proteins

A

claudin and occludin

34
Q

Tight junctions are clearly seen after _______________________

A

cryofracture of epithelia

35
Q

encircles the
epithelial cell, usually immediately below the tight junction

A

adherens junction or
zonula adherens

36
Q

Cell adhesion is mediated by _________________, transmembrane glycoproteins of each cell that bind each other in the presence of Ca2

A

cadherins

37
Q

These adhesive structures resemble a
half-desmosome ultrastructurally, but unlike desmosomes the
clustered transmembrane proteins that indirectly link to cytokeratin intermediate filaments are integrins rather than cadherins

A

hemidesmosomes

38
Q

in epithelia specialized for absorption the apical cell
surfaces are often filled with an array of projecting

A

microvilli

39
Q

is a disorder of the small intestine in which one of the
first pathologic changes is loss of the microvilli brush border
of the absorptive cells

A

Celiac disease,

40
Q

a much less common type of apical process,
best seen on the absorptive epithelial cells lining the male
reproductive system

A

Stereocilia

41
Q

specialized stereocilia with a motion-detecting function are
important components of inner ____ sensory cells.

A

ear

42
Q

long, highly motile apical structures, larger than
microvilli, and containing internal arrays of microtubules not
microfilaments

A

Cilia

43
Q

9 + 2 assembly of microtubules is called

A

axoneme

44
Q

is found mainly in the
epidermis of skin, where it helps prevent dehydration from the
tissue

A

Stratified
squamous keratinized epithelium

45
Q

EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION:
Lining of vessels (endothelium);
Serous lining of cavities:
pericardium, pleura, peritoneum
(mesothelium)

MAIN FUNCTION:
Facilitates the movement of
the viscera (mesothelium),
active transport by pinocytosis
(mesothelium and endothelium),
secretion of biologically active
molecules (mesothelium)

A

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

46
Q

EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION:
Covering the ovary, thyroid

MAIN FUNCTION:
Covering, secretion

A

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

47
Q

EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION:
Lining of intestine, gallbladder

MAIN FUNCTION:
Protection, lubrication,
absorption, secretion

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR

48
Q

EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION:
Epidermis

MAIN FUNCTION:
Protection; prevents water loss

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS KERATINIZED

49
Q

EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION:
Mouth, esophagus, larynx,
vagina, anal canal

MAIN FUNCTION:
Protection, secretion; prevents
water loss

A

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS NON-KERATINIZED

50
Q

EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION:
Sweat glands, developing
ovarian follicles

MAIN FUNCTION:
Protection, secretion

A

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL

51
Q

EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION:
Bladder, ureters, renal calyces

MAIN FUNCTION:
Protection, distensibility

A

STRATIFIED TRANSITIONAL

52
Q

EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION:
Conjunctivas

MAIN FUNCTION:
Protection

A

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR

53
Q

EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTION:
Conjunctivas

MAIN FUNCTION:
Protection, secretion;
cilia-mediated transport of
particles trapped in mucus out of
the air passages

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR

54
Q

Secretory cells may synthesize, store, and release _______________

A

proteins, lipids, or complexes of carbohydrates and proteins

55
Q

remain connected with the surface epithelium, the connection forming the tubular ducts lined
with epithelium that deliver the secreted material where it is
used

A

Exocrine glands

56
Q

lose the connection to their original epithelium and therefore lack ducts

A

. Endocrine glands

57
Q

Glands can be ________ (ducts not branched) or _________ (ducts with two or more branches).

A

simple, compound

58
Q

Secretory portions can be ______ (either short or long
and coiled) or ______ (rounded and saclike); either type
of secretory unit may be branched, even if the duct is
not branched

A

tubular, acinar

59
Q

glands can have branching ducts and can have
multiple tubular, acinar, or tubuloacinar secretory portions.

A

Compound

60
Q

the most common method
of protein or glycoprotein secretion and involves typical
exocytosis from membrane-bound vesicles or secretory
granules.

A

Merocrine secretion

61
Q

cells accumulate product
continuously as they enlarge and undergo terminal differentiation, culminating in complete cell disruption that
releases the product and cell debris into the gland’s lumen.
This is best seen in the sebaceous glands producing lipidrich material in skin

A

Holocrine secretion:

62
Q

Here product accumulates at the
cells’ apical ends, portions of which are then pinched
off to release the product surrounded by a small
amount of cytoplasm and cell membrane

A

Apocrine secretion

63
Q

FEATURES:
Elongated secretory
portion; duct usually
short or absent

EXAMPLES:
Mucous glands of colon;
intestinal glands or
crypts (of Lieberkühn)

A

Simple Tubular

64
Q

FEATURES:
Several long secretory
parts joining to drain
into 1 duct

EXAMPLES:
Glands in the
uterus and stomach

A

Branched Tubular

65
Q

FEATURES:
Secretory
portion is very long
and coiled

EXAMPLES:
Sweat glands

A

Coiled Tubular

66
Q

FEATURES:
Rounded, saclike
secretory portion

EXAMPLES:
Small mucous
glands along the
urethra

A

Simple Acinar (or
Alveolar)

67
Q

FEATURES:
Multiple saclike
secretory parts entering
the same duct

EXAMPLES:
Sebaceous glands of
the skin

A

Branched Acinar

68
Q

FEATURES:
Several elongated coiled secretory units and their
ducts converge to form larger ducts

EXAMPLES:
Submucosal mucous glands (of Brunner) in the
duodenum

A

Compound Tubular

69
Q

FEATURES:
Several saclike secretory units with small
ducts converge at a larger duct

EXAMPLES:
Exocrine pancreas

A

Compound Acinar

70
Q

FEATURES:
Ducts of both tubular
and acinar secretory units
converge at larger ducts

EXAMPLES:
Salivary glands

A

Tubuloacinar

71
Q

secretion releases products, usually containing
proteins, by means of exocytosis at the apical end of the secretory
cells.

A

Merocrine secretion

72
Q

produced by the disintegration of the secretory cells themselves as they complete their terminal differentiation

A

Holocrine secretion

73
Q

involves loss of membrane-enclosed apical
cytoplasm, usually containing one or more lipid droplets

A

Apocrine secretion

74
Q

a thin extracellular
layer of specialized proteins

A

basement membrane

75
Q

is a thin meshwork of type IV collagen and laminin produced by the epithelial cells

A

basal lamina

76
Q

contains type III collagen and anchoring fibrils of VII collagen, all secreted by cells of the immediately adjacent connective tissue.

A

reticular lamina

77
Q

The major function in many epithelial cells is synthesis and secretion
of specialized products; organs composed primarily of such epithelia
are called

A

glands

78
Q

have epithelial ducts carrying secretions to specific
sites;

A

Exocrine glands

79
Q

lack ducts; secreted substances are hormones carried throughout the body by the interstitial fluid and blood, with
specificity produced by the hormone receptors of target cells

A

Endocrine glands

2A PRELIM (16 decks)

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