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Microbiology Exam #1 > Orthomyxoviruses > Flashcards

Orthomyxoviruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What shape are orthomyxoviruses?

A

Pleomorphic

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2
Q

Symptoms of Orthomyxo?

A

Febrile illness of upper and lower respiratory tract

Sudden onset of fever, cough, soreness, malaise, etc.

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3
Q

Most common serious complication of orthomyxo?

A

Pneumonia

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4
Q

Types of Influenza?

A

A, B, and C

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5
Q

Describe Influenza Type A

A

Most virulent human pathogen
Infect many animal species
Wild aquatic birds are a natural reservoir

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6
Q

Describe Influenza Type B

A

Milder than Type A
Only Humans
Mostly milder, mutate slowly

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7
Q

Describe Influenza Type C

A

No epidemics
Rarely causes disease
Nobody really cares…

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8
Q

What is an influenza proton pump called?

A

M2

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9
Q

What is M2 used for?

A

Uncoating

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10
Q

Describe the influenza genome?

A

-ssRNA, 8 segments

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11
Q

Influenza caspid? Envelope?

A

Helical

Yes

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12
Q

Where does influenza replicate?

A

The nucleus

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13
Q

Why does influenza rep. in the nucleus?

A

To hijack protons used to add the protective RNA cap

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14
Q

How does influenza enter a cell?

A

Binding of hemaaglutinin to cell surface

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15
Q

What targets neurominidase?

A

Tamiflu

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16
Q

Components of ribosomal RNA?

A

PA, PB1, PB2

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17
Q

Typical clinical manifestation of influenza?

A

Fever, Sore throat, myalgia, headache
Ocular symptoms (photophobia, tears, ache)
Weakness, fatigue, cough, GI probs

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18
Q

Two influenza complications…

A

Primary influenza pneumonia and secondary bacterial pneumonia

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19
Q

Describe primary influenza pneumonia.

A

Progressive cough, dypnea, and cyanosis

Infiltrative patterns without consolidation on radiograph

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20
Q

Who is at risk for primary influenza pneumonia?

A

3rd trimester women

elderly patients

21
Q

Causes of secondary bacterial pneumonia?

A

Staph Aureus
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenza

22
Q

What is the most serious complication of secondary bacterial pneumonia?

A

Staphylococcal pneumonia

23
Q

Symptoms of staphylococcal pneumonia?

A

Severely ill

Hypoxemia, Elevated WBC, productive bloody cough, cavitary infiltrates on radiograph

24
Q

Potential non-pulmonary complications of influenza?

A

Myositis
Cardiac Complications
Reye’s syndrome
Encephalitis

25
Q

What is myositis?

A

Muscle inflammation

26
Q

Examples of cardiac complications.

A

Myocarditis, pericarditis

27
Q

What is Reye’s syndrome?

A

Swelling in Liver and Brain
Confusion, Seizures, Loss of Consciousness
Approx. 40% fatal in children/teens

28
Q

What is contraindicated for childhood of adolescent fevers because of Reyes?

A

Asprin

29
Q

What is encephalitis?

A

Fever, Headache, Seizures, Confusion, Loss of Consciousness, Coma

30
Q

Groups at risk for encephalitis?

A

Esp. children younger than 7, adults older than 55

31
Q

Pathogenesis of Influenza?

A

Virus establishes a local URT infection and kills epithelial cells
NA cleaves sialic acid residues in the mucus, providing tissue access
If into LRT, severe desquamination or epithelium
Immune/Inflammatory response triggered

32
Q

How is influenza transmitted?

A

Mostly droplets, human-to-human

Also contaminated surfaces, pass to mouth

33
Q

T or F. Influenza is stable at low temperatures and humidity.

A

True

34
Q

What is seasonal influenza?

A

Inf. caused by antigenic drift
Closely related to the old ones
Could require opsinization or boost if large drift or immunocompromised

35
Q

What is pandemic influenza?

A

Result of antigenic shift

Serious threat to global health, no pre-existing immunity

36
Q

How many HA subtypes?

A

16

37
Q

How many NA subtypes?

A

9

38
Q

What carrier can hold all influenza viruses?

A

Birds

39
Q

What HA and NA subtypes can humans carry?

A

H1-H3 and N1-N2

40
Q

What is the difference between genetic drift and shift.

A

Drift – Minor change, same subtype

Shift – Major change, new subtype

41
Q

How does antigenic shift happen?

A

Two viruses infecting a single cell, recombination on genome

42
Q

What are the three ways antigenic shift can occur?

A
  1. Aquatic bird to host to human
  2. Intermediate host gets inf. from bird and human. New reassortment passes to humans
  3. Bird to human
43
Q

How do influenza As all bind?

A

HN binding to proteins with sialic acid species

44
Q

What sialic acids do human inf. prefer?

What sialic acids do bird inf. prefer?

A

alpha 2-6

alpha 2-3

45
Q

Why can the bird and people share?

A

They both have some of both sialic acid residues

46
Q

How to treat influenza?

A

Vaccine and Antivirals

47
Q

What antivirals work against influenza?

A

Zanamivir and Oseltamivir

Rimantidine and Amantadine (only A)

48
Q

What are the available vaccines for influenza?

A

Trivalent Inactivated Vaccine

Live attenuated vaccine

49
Q

Cold or Flu? Fever, Headache, Fatigue, Cough

A

Flu

Microbiology Exam #1 (27 decks)

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