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Microbiology Exam #1 > Lecture #2 -- Medical Virology Continued > Flashcards

Lecture #2 -- Medical Virology Continued Flashcards

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1
Q

What enzymes are required in DNA virus macromolecular synthesis?

A 
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Host)
DNA polymerase (Host)
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2
Q

Describe the process of DS DNA virus replication.

A

DNA-dependent DNA polymerase copy the + and - strands, creating more DS DNA. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase copies the - DNA strand into mRNA to generate viral proteins.

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3
Q

Describe the process of SS DNA virus replication.

A

Genome is replicated by DNA dependent DNA polymerase. Make a ds intermediate, then copy the - DNA strand into + SS DNA genomes.

DNA-dependent RNA polymerase copies the - strand into + viral mRNA. The + viral mRNA is translated into viral proteins.

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4
Q

Every RNA virus has a gene that encodes _______.

A

RNA polymerase

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5
Q

Where does RNA virus replication occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

What enzyme allows RNA–>RNA?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

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7
Q

What enzyme allows DNA –> RNA?

A

Reverse Transcriptase

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8
Q

What enzyme allows DNA –> RNA?

A

DNA dependent RNA polymerase

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9
Q

How does +ssRNA virus replication work?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzymes copy the + genome into -ssRNA. RDRP then copies the - strands into +ssRNA genomes.

+mRNA can be translated into viral proteins.

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10
Q

How does -ssRNA virus replication work?

A

RDRP copies the -ssRNA to make +ssRNA. RDRP copies the +ssRNA into the -ssRNA genome.

The +ssRNA is used to make viral proteins.

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11
Q

How does dsRNA virus replication work?

A

RDRP copies both strands of the RNA to make ds genome. RDRP copies the - strand into +ssRNA to be translated into viral proteins.

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12
Q

Describe the process of retrovirus replication?

A

+mRNA–>DNA/RNA–>dsDNA–>Incorporate into Genome–>use host cell machinery to generate genome and proteins.

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13
Q

What step in retrovirus replication uses Reverse Transcriptase?

A

+mRNA–>DNA-RNA hybrid

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14
Q

Aside from generating a DNA strand from RNA, what else can rev. transcriptase do?

A

Function as a DDDP, copying - strands to produce a dsDNA intermediate.

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15
Q

What enzyme is required to incorporate viral DNA into a host genome?

A

Integrase

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16
Q

What is the difference between proteins transcribed early and late in viral replication?

A

Early – Nonstructural proteins required for the replication of viral genome + prevention of host cell suicide.

Late – Structural Proteins

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17
Q

What are mono- and poly cistronic RNA?

A

Monocistronic – One gene per RNA translates into a single protein

Polycistronic – Transcripts of several genes translated into a large polypeptide that is later cut into functional units by proteases.

18
Q

Which mRNA will viruses preferentially translate – Viral or Cellular?

A

Viral

19
Q

Where does assembly of DNA viruses occur?

A

Nucleus (except pox)

20
Q

Where does assembly of RNA viruses occur?

A

Cytoplasm

21
Q

What has to happen before enveloped viruses acquire their envelope?

A

Association of the nucleocaspid with biral glycoprotein regions of the host cell

Matrix proteins for - strand RNA viruses line the membrane to promote adhesion

22
Q

How are non-enveloped viruses released?

A

Cell Lysis

23
Q

How are Enveloped viruses released?

A

Budding

24
Q

How are enveloped viruses that acquire their envelop inside the cytoplasm released?

A

Exocytosis

25
Q

Describe the process of budding.

A

Viral proteins and glycoproteins are incorporated into host membranes.
The host cell membrane with incorporated viral proteins pinches off.

26
Q

What three locations can budding occur at?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane, nuclear membrane, or Golgi Apparatus.

27
Q

Describe the process of replication for herpes simplex virus. (enveloped)

A

Virus binds and fuses –> DNA into nucleus –> transcription/translation (early immediate, early, and late) –> Caspid proteins migrate to nuc, form icosahedral –> bud through the ER/Golgi –> exocytosis

28
Q

How does (+RNA) picornavirus replication work?

A

Injected genome, one large protein generated from +RNA, cleavage into proteins required for replication, makes a - strand for replication, caspid, cell lysis

29
Q

How is -RNA virus (ex. rhabdo) different than +?

A

Carries a polymerase responsible for producing 5 mRNAs and a full length RNA template.

30
Q

What are the four types of viral infection?

A

failed/abortive infection, productive viral infection, latent viral infection, and destructive/lytic infection

31
Q

Result of a failed/abortive infection?

A

No progeny produced, no disease

32
Q

Result of a productive viral infection?

A

Doesn’t necessarily kill cells - enveloped viruses

33
Q

Final result of destructive/lytic viral infection?

A

Killed host cell

34
Q

What virus type uses latent viral infection?

A

Retrovirus

35
Q

What is viremia?

A

Spread of the virus from local to distant sites via the blood

36
Q

Why are cell to cell transmission viruses hard to vaccinate?

A

Rarely exposed to Abs

37
Q

Name some possible cellular effects of viral infection.

A

Cell killing, transformation, fusion, cell rounding

38
Q

How can one diagnose a viral disease with labwork?

A

Descriptions of CPEs on cells, electron microscopic detection, isolation/growth of the virus, detection of viral components, serology

39
Q

When looking for viral characteristic CPEs on cells, what should you look for?

A 
Changes of morphology
Cell Lysis
Vacuolation
Syncytia
Inclusion Bodies
40
Q

How are viruses grown?

A

Tissue culture, Embryonic Eggs, Experimental Animals

41
Q

What do you see in cell culture when cells are virally infected?

A

Plaques

42
Q

How does a hemagglutination assay work?

A

Detects presence of viruses that agglutinate RBCs, such as influenza

Microbiology Exam #1 (27 decks)

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