NUTRITION - Q1 and Q2 Flashcards
NUTRIENTS 1
Substances obtained from food and used by the
body to provide energy and structural materials,
and to regulate growth, maintenance, and repair
of the body’s tissues.
NUTRIENTS 2
Chemicals in food that nourish the body by
providing energy, building materials, and
substances required to regulate and or assist in
the catalysis of biochemical reactions.
NUTRIENTS 3
An essential nutrient is one that is obtained from
food because the body cannot synthesize it in
sufficient quantities to meet physiological needs.
NUTRIENTS 4
Chemical substances found in food. They
perform diverse roles in the body such as to
provide heat and energy, to build and repair
body tissues, and to regulate body processes
NUTRIENTS 5
Found primarily in natural foods, adequate
intake of these nutrients is necessary to carry
out physiological functions.
NUTRIENTS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THE FF:
FUNCTION, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ESSENTIALITY, AND CONCENTRATION.
- those that form tissues in the body
are body-building nutrients while those that
furnish heat and energy are fats, carbohydrates
and proteins
FUNCTION
nutrients are either
ORGANIC OR INORGANIC
nutrients are either
organic or inorganic.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
nutrients are classified based on
their significant contribution to the body’s
physiological functioning.
ESSENTIALITY
nutrients are either in large
amounts or in little amounts.
CONCENTRATION
6 CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS FOUND IN FOODS
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEIN
VITAMINS
MINERAL
WATER
state of the body resulting from the consumption and utilization of nutrients
NUTRITIONAL STATUS/NUTRITURE
NUTRITIONAL STATUS/NUTRITURE
state of the body resulting from the consumption and utilization of nutrients
State of impaired biologic activity or
development due to discrepancy between the
nutrient supply and the nutrient demand of cells.
MALNUTRITION 1
MALNUTRITION 1
State of impaired biologic activity or
development due to discrepancy between the
nutrient supply and the nutrient demand of cells.
MALNUTRITION 2
An imbalance of nutrient intake – either an
underconsumption or an overconsumption of
energy or nutrients
An imbalance of nutrient intake – either an
underconsumption or an overconsumption of
energy or nutrients
MALNUTRITION 2
FUNCTION OF NUTRITION
The basic function of nutrition is to maintain life by
allowing an individual to grow and be in a state of
optimum health.
Reasons why nutritional science is applied to nursing
care: RCA
- The recognition of the role of nutrition in preventing
diseases or illnesses; - The concern for adapting food patterns of
individuals to their nutritional needs within the framework
of their cultural, economic and psychological situations
and styles; and - The awareness of the need in specified disease
states to modify nutritional factors for therapeutic
purpose.
FOOD 1
Anything that when taken into the body, serves
to nourish, build, and repair tissues, supplies
energy, or regulate body processes.
FOOD 2
Material containing nutrients taken into the body
for the maintenance of life and growth and repair
tissues.
basic unit of life
CELL
Composed mostly of water, inorganic ions, and
carbon-based molecules, make up over 70% of
cell mass. Nutrition studies their growth and
development, as they form the human body.
Despite differences in size, composition, and
function, all cells can move, grow, ingest food,
excrete waste, respond to the environment, and
reproduce.
CELL
Also known as the plasma membrane. This is
the outer border of the cell which has a sheetlike
structure made up mainly of lipids & proteins.
CELL MEMBRANE
Lipid portion consists primarily of
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Lipid portion consists primarily of phospholipids:
- HYDROPHOBIC
- HYDROPHILIC
the bilayer retards the movement of
water-soluble substances to stay inside the cell.
HYDROPHOBIC CORE
HYDROPHOBIC CORE:
- Regulate & select the kinds & amounts of
substances entering & leaving the cells. - The membrane protein serves as pumps, gates,
receptors, energy transducers & enzymes.
The proteins in the cell membrane from pores or
openings to permit passage of materials by:
● Acting enzymes to help substances enter the
cell
● Acting as antigen markers to identify the cell as
“self”
● Serving as receptor sites for hormone
A watery solution of mineral, gases & organic
molecules found between the cell membrane &
the nucleus & is a location of chemical reactions.
CYTOPLASM
A fluid w/ a gel-like consistency due to high
concentration of protein.
CYTOPLASM
The site where most of the biochemical
reactions of the cell takes place.
CYTOPLASM
are intracellular structures that are bound
by their own membranes, each having a define function.
CELL ORGANELLES
A network of interconnected tubules in the
cytoplasm, providing continuity between the
nuclear envelope.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A passageway for the transport of materials
within the cell.
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- protein
synthesis is the main function.
ROUGH ER
ROUGH ER
GRANULAR W RIBOSOMES
- synthesis of
lipids & carbohydrates. Is abundant in cells that
synthesize steroid hormones & in the liver where
drug detoxification & synthesis of fat transport
molecule (VLDLS) take place.
SOFT ER
SOFT ER
AGRANULAR W/O RIBOSOMES
Site of protein synthesis bound to the outside of
the endoplasmic reticulum.
RIBOSOME
A string of flat membranous that synthesizes
carbohydrates. They package material for
secretion from the cell by breaking off some of
their small sacs & fusing with the cell membrane
in order to release the contained substance to
the outside of the cell.
GOLGI APPARATUS
Believed to be an extension of the ER. Consists
of secretory vesicles which carry materials
synthesized in the ER
GOLGI APPARATUS
Site of the packaging of protein synthesis in
RER & destined for secretion from the cell via
secretory vesicles.
GOLGI APPARATUS
Organelles inside the cytoplasm, site of energy
production (ATP). a double membrane binds
them & has an inner layer w/ folds called cristae.
MITOCHONDRIA
an inner layer with folds called
CRISTAE
The energy producers of the cell; hundreds to
thousands of oxidative enzymes that catalyze
the breakdown of carbohydrates, protein, & lipid
producing ATP in the process.
MITOCHONDRIA
A single-membrane structure inside the
cytoplasm that contain digestive enzymes that
destroy engulfed bacteria & other cellular debris.
LYSOSOMES
Abundant in cells that perform digestive
functions (macrophages, leukocytes).
Containing about 36 powerful enzymes that can
split proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids &
phospholipids.
LYSOSOMES
3 CATABOLIC FUNCTIONS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
AUTOLYSIS
BONE RESORPTION
PHAGOCYTOSIS
process in which foreign substances taken up by the cell are digested or rendered harmless
AUTOLYSIS
a process in which intracellular components (inc organelles) are digested due to the cellular degeneration or injury
BONE RESORPTION
an essential process in normal bone modeling. Lysosomes of the osteoclasts dissolve the mineral and digest collagen. These actions are important in this process to maintain calcium and phosphorus hemeostasis.
A pair of rod-shaped structure that lie perpendicular to one another and located just outside the nucleus. Their function is to organize the spindle fibers during cell division.
CENTRIOLES
mobile thread-like projections through the cell membrane. They sweep materials across the cell surface. The sperm cell is the only cell with a flagellum that aids motility.
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
_____ is shorter than _______
CILIA IS SHORTER THAN FLAGELLA
The largest of the organelles; surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed of two membranes which enable communication between the vesicles & the cytoplasmic matrix. A continuous channel between this & ER is thus possible.
NUCLEUS
Contains the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.
Due to the DNA content, it is the initiator & regulator of most cellular activities.
NUCLEUS
Site of the synthesis of new DNA molecules (replication) & of RNA molecules (transcription).
NUCLEUS
The control center of the cell that contains the chromosomes. The 46 chromosomes of the human cell are long threads called chromatin that are made of DNA & protein.
NUCLEUS
THOSE THAT DO NOT HAVE TRUE NUCLEUS AND MEMBRANE - BOUND CELL ORGANELLES
PROKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
THOSE THAT HAVE TRUE NUCLEUS AND NUCLEOLUS AND ALSO CONTAIN ALL MEMBRANE-BOUND CELL ORGANELLES
EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
