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2C - BSN - SEM 1 > (B) PRINCIPLES AND ADMINISTRATION OF DRUG - PHARMA > Flashcards

(B) PRINCIPLES AND ADMINISTRATION OF DRUG - PHARMA Flashcards

1
Q

➢ Study of how a patient genome affect his/her response to medications
➢ Study of the variability in drug response due to heredity

A

PHARMACOGENETICS

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2
Q
  • is the science of drug action on
    biological system
  • Embraces knowledge of the sources,
    chemical properties, & biological effects
    & therapeutic use of drugs.
  • Study of the nature, actions & uses of
    drugs.
A

PHARMACOLOGY

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3
Q

interaction of drugs with
biochemical (what the drug does to the body)

A

PHARMACODYNAMICS

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4
Q

how the body absorbs,
distributed, metabolized & eliminated the drug (what
body does to the drug)

A

PHARMACOKINETICS

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5
Q

how is the medication absorbed
❖ First-pass effect
❖ Bioavailability

A

ABSORPTION

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6
Q

how does it spread through the
organism?

A

DISTRIBUTION

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7
Q
  • is the medication converted
    chemically inside the body, & into which
    substances.
A

METABOLISM

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8
Q
  • how is the medication eliminated
A

EXCRETION

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9
Q

Percentage of administered drug available for activity

A

BIOAVAILABILITY

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10
Q

the chemical component
responsible for the claimed therapeutic effect of the
pharmaceutical product.

A

ACTIVE INGREDIENT

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11
Q

the description of the chemical
structure of the drug or medicine & serves as the
complete identification of a compound.

A

CHEMICAL NAME

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12
Q
  • the finished product form that
    contains active ingredients, generally but not
    necessarily in association w inactive ingredients.
A

DRUG PRODUCT

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13
Q

drugstores, pharmacies & any other
business establishments that sells drugs or
medicines.

A

DRUG OUTLETS

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14
Q
  • a list of drugs that meets the health care
    needs of the majority of the population
A

CORE LIST

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15
Q

the proprietary name given by the
manufacturer to distinguish its product from those
competitors.

A

BRAND NAME

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16
Q
  • gives direction to
    the PT of taking the drug
A

Sig. (Sigma - let it be labeled)

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17
Q

expiry date indicated on the
packaging.

A

EXPIRY ON DRUG

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18
Q

2 GROUPS OF MEDICATIONS

A
  1. OVER THE COUNTER (OTC)
  2. PRESCRIPTION ON MEDICATION (POM)
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19
Q

the rate which a drug reaches
different organs & tissues. Equilibration is
rapidly achieved w heart, lungs, liver, kidneys &
brain where blood flow is high.

A

BLOOD FLOW

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20
Q

changes in pH occuring in
disease may also affect drug distribution.

A

EFFECTS OF PH

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20
Q

will affect the ability of the drug
to bind to plasma proteins & to cross lipid
membrane barriers.

A

LIPID SOLUBILITY

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21
Q
  • the ability of a drug to
    reach various tissues will depend on the
    permeability of the capillaries at the site in
    question.
A

CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY

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22
Q

a drug which causes a physiological
effect.

A

AGONIST

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23
Q

a drug which blocks the response
produced by an agonist.

A

ANTAGONIST

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24
Q

an agonist which produces a
maximal response by occupying all or a fraction
of receptors.

A

FULL AGONIST

25
Q

an agonist which produces
less than a maximal response even when it
occupies all of the receptors

A

PARTIAL AGONIST

26
Q

9 FORMS & ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION

A
  1. TABLETS/CAPSULES
  2. LIQUIDS
  3. TRANSDERMAL
  4. TOPICAL
  5. SUPPOSITORIES
  6. NASOGASTRIC & GASTROSTOMY TUBES
  7. NOSE DROPS AND SPRAYS
  8. AEROSOLS (INHALATION)
  9. PARENTERAL
26
Q

refers to the observation of a
maximal tissue response when only a fraction of
the total number of receptors are occupied.

A

SPARE RECEPTORS

27
Q
  • Oral medications are not given to clients who
    are vomiting, lack of gag reflex & comatose.
  • Enteric coated & time release capsules must be
    swallowed whole to be effective
  • Administer drug in an empty stomach if it
    interferes w absorption
  • Drugs given sublingually remain in place until
    fully absorbed.
A

TABLETS & CAPSULES

28
Q
  • Includes elixirs, emulsions & suspensions
  • Requires refrigeration once reconstituted.
A

LIQUIDS

29
Q
  • This medication is stored in a patch placed on
    the skin & absorbed through the skin, having
    systemic effect.
  • It provide more consistent blood levels & avoid
    GI absorption problems
A

TRANSDERMAL

30
Q
  • Can be applied to the skin in a number of ways
    such as w a glove, tongue blade or applicator
  • Use appropriate technique to remove medication
    from container & apply to clean, dry skin
A

TOPICAL

31
Q

CAN BE RECTAL AND VAGINAL

A

SUPPOSITORIES

32
Q

describes the drug’s chemical
structure & is used by the chemist

A

CHEMICAL NAME

33
Q

are entering the intestinal tract

A

ENTERAL

34
Q

➢ Given by mouth is the most common route of drug administration,
➢ With the most complicated pathway to the target tissues.
➢ Most drugs are absorbed in the intestinal tract by passive transfer and usually end up in the portal circulation
encountering the liver and thus high chance of passing the first-pass effect.

A

ORAL

35
Q

➢ Usually, oral route
➢ _____________________ or also known as first-pass metabolism or pre-systemic metabolism
➢ Is when an administered drug enters the liver (portal circulation before entering the systemic circulation)
* Undergoes extensive biotransformation
* Decreasing the concentration rapidly before it reaches its target.
* Beneficial in some where inactive form becomes active (codeine to morphine)

A

FIRST-PASS EFFECT FEEDBACK

36
Q

can be classified into parenteral as well,
➢ Does not enter the lower gastro-intestinal tract,
➢ It is placed under the tongue thus going oral.
➢ Drug diffuses into the capillary network and enters the system circulation directly
* very rapidly absorbed,
* low infection risk,
* avoiding the rough environment of the git and
* no first-pass metabolism.

A

SUBLINGUAL

36
Q

➢ produce local or systemic effects
➢ quite unreliable
* 75% of drainage of the rectal region bypasses the portal circulation, minimizing first-pass effect.
* the inferior and middle rectal veins are linked to the systemic circulation whereas the superior rectal vein
joins the inferior mesenteric vein and from there onto the portal vein.
➢ It can be very useful during vomiting and in patients that are unable to take medications by mouth.

A

RECTAL

37
Q

➢ This route of administration avoids the GIT
➢ used for drugs that are poorly absorbed or unstable in the GIT, for unconscious patients and when acute onset
is required.

A

PARENTERAL

37
Q

➢ Injection straight into the systemic circulation is the most common parenteral route.
➢ It is the fastest and most certain and controlled way.
* It bypasses absorption barriers and first-pass metabolism (LIVER)
* It is used when a rapid effect is required, continuous administration and large volumes.
➢ The disadvantages are that one cannot recall injected drugs, introduction of bacteria through contamination
➢ Adverse effects: as well as too rapid delivery or too high concentration may produce strong adverse effects.

A

INTRAVENOUS (IV)

38
Q

➢ Produces a faster effect than oral administration,
* rate of absorption depends greatly on the site of injection and on local blood flow.
➢ The drug can be aqueous solutions or depot preparations (in a form of ester or salt)
* The absorption of the aqueous is fast and the depot form is slow.
* The advantage of the depot form is that it can provide a sustained dose over an extend period of time.

A

INTRAMUSCULAR (IM)

38
Q

➢ The absorption of _________ injections is slower than that of IV route
➢ it needs absorption similar to Intramuscular injection. However
➢ it minimizes the risks associated with IV injections.

A

SUBCUTANEOUS (SC)

39
Q

➢ As the name implies, it is applied where and when a local effect of the drug is desired.

A

TOPICAL

39
Q

➢ Use in gaseous drugs or those that can be dispersed in an aerosol,
➢ produces an effect almost as fast as with IV.
➢ provides rapid delivery across the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract.
➢ It is used for asthmatic drugs, and anesthetics.

A

INHALATION

40
Q

➢ Drug administration directly into the nose.
➢ Includes agents such as nasal decongestants or cocaine by abusers.

A

INTRANASAL

41
Q

➢ Drug administration through the skin. It can achieve systemic effects but rate of absorption can
vary markedly depending on the physical characteristics of the skin at application.

A

TRANSDERMAL

42
Q

➢ Drug administration into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Used in cases of CNS cancers, cryptococcal
meningitis etc.

A

INTRATHECAL/INTRAVENTRICULAR

42
Q

➢ Deliver medicines in between the layers of the skin
➢ Used in skin testing

A

INTRADERMAL

42
Q

➢ Drug administration through bone marrow

A

INTRAOSSEOUS

43
Q

The length of time it takes for a medicine to start to work.

A

ONSET

44
Q

LENGTH OF TIME THE DRUG EXERTS A THERAPEUTIC EFFECT

A

DURATION

45
Q

Drug reaches highest concentration in the blood

A

PEAK

46
Q

All drugs has ________________ (secondary effects), even in correct drug usage
* Predictable
* Inconvenient, to severe, to life threatening
* Desirable

A

SIDE EFFECTS

46
Q
  • Unintentional, unexpected that may occur in normal drug dosages
  • Reactions maybe mild to severe including anaphylaxis (cardiovascular collapse)
  • Always underible, must be reported so as to represent variances from planned therapy
A

ADVERSE REACTIONS

47
Q
  • Decrease response to a drug oer a course of therapy
A

TOLERANCE

47
Q
  • When drug level exceed the therapeutic range
  • Secondary to overdosage (intentional or unintentional) or due to drug accumulation
  • Factors: disease, genes, age
A

DRUG TOXICITY

48
Q
  • Response not attributed the chemical property of a drug
  • Can be positive or negative
  • Can be influenced by the beliefs, attitudes and expectations of the patients
  • Can be psychological in origin but resulted to changes in heart rate, bp and pain sensation
A

PLACEBO EFFECT

49
Q

Changes that occur in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of one or more drugs

A

PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTION

50
Q

when 2 drugs are administered in combination and the response increased beyond what either could
produce alone (desirable or undesirable)
▪ losartan plus hydrochlorthiazide

A

ADDITIVE DRUG EFFECTS

51
Q
  • when 2 or more drugs are given together, one drug can have a synergistic effect to another
  • effect of 2 drugs given together is substantially greater that that of either drug alone
  • decrease drug dosing of the other
    ▪ coamoxiclav (amox and clavunalic acid)
A

SYNERGISTIC DRUGS

52
Q
  • when drug with antagonizing effect area administered together, one drug reduces /block the effect of
    the other/ can be beneficial or otherwise
    ▪ Ibuprofen plus famotidine
A

ANTAGONIST DRUG EFFECT

2C - BSN - SEM 1 (34 decks)

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