NUTRI - DIGESTIVE

Question 1

The science of nourishment. Nutrients from food must be
made available for use by the body cells. Made possible
by the digestive system (through digestion), releasing
the nutrients and converting them into molecules.

Answer 1

NUTRITION

Question 2

• The mechanical and chemical breakdown of
  complex substances into their constituent parts;
  the conversion of food into smaller and simpler
  units.

Answer 2

DIGESTION

Question 3

The breakdown of food materials mechanically
(through chewing) and chemically (action of
digestive enzymes) until it is a form from which
nutrients can be absorbed from the GIT into the
blood and lymph.

Answer 3

DIGESTION

Question 4

• Also promotes the movement of nutrients from
  the gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal into
  the body through the process of absorption.
• Is made up of GIT or digestive tract, the liver,
  pancreas and gallbladder.

Answer 4

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Question 5

is a chain of hollow organs connected in a long,
twisting tube from mouth to the anus.

Answer 5

GIT

Question 6

Digestion begins in the ______ where food is
broken down to pieces by chewing.

Answer 6

MOUTH

Question 6

The mucus like saliva performs three functions: MPD

Answer 6

1. Mixes with food, lubricating dry foods and
   diluting thicker foods;
2. Provides alpha amylase, a polysaccharide
   digesting enzyme, and lingual lipase, a lipid
   digesting enzyme.
3. Dissolves some molecules in food, allowing
   them to interact with chemoreceptors in the
   mouth giving rise to the taste sensation.

Question 7

Transfers food from the mouth to the esophagus
and warms, moistens, and filters air before food
is moved into the trachea.

Answer 7

THROAT/PHARYNX

Question 8

• small ball rolled composed of food that
  is lubricated with saliva.

Answer 8

BOLUS

Question 8

A muscular tube extending from the pharynx to
the stomach. Measuring about 10 inches long, it
connects the mouth to the stomach.

Answer 8

ESOPHAGUS

Question 9

• (rhythmic contraction and
  relaxation of the esophageal muscles), propelled
  the bolus in the esophagus to the stomach. Also
  reduces further the size of food particles and
  mixes them thoroughly with digestive secretions.

Answer 9

PERISTALSIS

Question 9

A small flap at the top of the
windpipe (trachea). Prevented the food from
entering the respiratory tract and lungs.

Answer 9

EPIGLOTTIS

Question 10

• A sac-like organ with tough muscular walls. It
  holds, mixes, and grinds food. It secretes acid
  and powerful enzymes that carry on the process
  of breaking down food.
  Has three sets of muscles surrounding a cavity
  that can expand to accommodate the ingested
  food and fluid. The pH level is maintained at pH
  1.5-1.7

Answer 10

STOMACH

Question 11

responsible for
the strongly acidic condition of the
stomach. With such an environment,
ingested proteins are denatured thus
facilitating their digestion

Answer 11

HYDROCHLORIC ACID SECRETION

Question 11

a semi liquid homogeneous mass
formed from between the esophagus
mixes and gastric secretions.

Answer 11

CHYME

Question 11

found at the
entrance of the stomach which controls
the amount of food entering the
stomach.

Answer 11

CARDIAC SPHINCTER MUSCLE

Question 11

A long loosely coiled tube in the abdomen which
when spread out, would be more than 20ft long.
It is the body’s longest organ. Its diameter of
about 1.5 inches is much smaller than that of the
large intestine.

Answer 11

SMALL INTESTINE

Question 12

Small Intestine has 3 sections:

Answer 12

1. Duodenum - continue the process of breaking
   down food.
2. Jejunum - responsible for the absorption of
   nutrients into the bloodstream.
3. Ileum

Question 12

1. Duodenum -

Answer 12

continue the process of breaking
down food.

Question 12

2. Jejunum -

Answer 12

responsible for the absorption of
nutrients into the bloodstream.

Question 13

3. ILEUM

Answer 13

3. ILEUM

Question 14

Chyme leaving the stomach bypasses the opening from
the common bile duct which receives secretions from the
gallbladder and the pancreas. Then the liquified chyme
travels down to the 3 sections of the small intestine.

Answer 14

Chyme leaving the stomach bypasses the opening from
the common bile duct which receives secretions from the
gallbladder and the pancreas. Then the liquified chyme
travels down to the 3 sections of the small intestine.

Question 15

made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, is
emptied into the small intestine to aid lipid digestion.

Answer 15

BILE

Question 16

the two gastrointestinal
hormones release through the presence of chyme in the
small intestine.

Answer 16

SECRETIN and CHOLECYSTOKININ

Question 17

Secretin and Cholecystokinin - the two gastrointestinal
hormones release through the presence of chyme in the
small intestine.

2 actions:

Answer 17

1. Stimulate the pancreas to release its digestive
   enzymes and sodium bicarbonate, an alkali that
   neutralizes the acidic chyme.
2. Stimulate the gallbladder to contract to release
   the stored bile.

Question 18

• A long muscular tube, approximately 5 to 6 ft
  that connects the caecum (first part of the large
  intestine) to the rectum (last part of the large
  intestine).

Answer 18

LARGE INTESTINE/COLON

Question 19

5 PARTS OF LARGE INTESTINE/COLON

Answer 19

1. Caecum
2. Ascending right colon
3. Transverse (across) colon
4. Descending left colon
5. Sigmoid colon - connected to the rectum

Question 20

made up of mostly food debris and bacteria.
Normally takes about 36 hours to get through the colon

Answer 20

STOOL

Question 21

An 8 inch chamber that connects the colon to
the anus. It receives stool from the colon and
holds it until defecation.

Answer 21

RECTUM

Question 22

The digestive tract ends here which consists of
the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal
sphincter. The lining of the upper anus is
specialized to detect rectal contents. The pelvic
floor muscle creates an angle between the
rectum and anus that stops stool from coming
out. The anal sphincters provide control in the
elimination of stool.

Answer 22

ANUS