Nutrition for life stages (part 2) Flashcards
Phase feeding is used to match the
weight and age of the pig
Most operations use a _____________ program however it can vary from 3-6
4 phase
**small batches
**quicker turnover
as a pig becomes heavier or older at weaning, the amount of the most complex diets fed after weaned can be _____________
reduced
what is the most expensive phase
phase 1
phase 1 diet is from __________ to ___________ pounds
weaning to 11 pounds
The high _________________ required in the phase 1 diet necessitates multiple protein sources to meet the young pig’s _________________
amino acid
nutritional requirements
what are some protein sources used in combination to meet the amino acid requirements and stimulate feed intake includes:
spray dried plasma protein
fish meal
dried whey protein concentrate
spray dried blood meal
poultry meal
what two proteins used have high lysine but low methionine and isoleucine
spray dried blood meal
spray dried plasma protein
phase 1 diets normally contains how much lactose
20-25%
in phase 1 what is the most common source of lactose
high quality edible-grade dried whey
growth promoting levels of ____________ of often added to phase 1 diets
zinc
when zinc oxide is used for growth promotion, ____________ may provide additive benefit
copper
what does:
zinc oxide do
copper sulfate do
zinc oxide: increase growth
prevent E.coli
copper sulfate: increase growth
**normally just add one, NOT both
phase 2 diet is from _________ to ________ pounds
11 to 15
phase 2 is a natural extension of phase 1 diets, and may contain many of the same ingredients. However the __________________ is decreased
complexity of the diet
phase 2 generally contains less specialty ingredients such as
spray dried plasma meal
in phase 2 what serves as protein sources
fish meal
poultry meal
spray dried blood meal
because pigs are adjusting to soybean meal during phase 1, phase 2 contain
higher levels of soybean meal, up to 20%
because pigs are adjusting to soybean meal during phase 1, phase 2 contain
higher levels of soybean meal, up to 20%
T/F the lactose level in phase 2 diet is also increased compared to phase 1
false, its decreased
contains 15-20% lactose for optimal pig performance
T/F zinc oxide/ copper sulfate should be maintained in phase 2 for growth promotions
true
phase 3 is _________ to __________ pounds
15 to 25 pounds
phase 4 is _________ to _________ pounds
24-45 pounds
phase 3 diet is a ______________-based diet with dried _______________ and spray-dried blood, poultry meal, or fish meal serving as specialty ingredients
corn-soybean
whey
** will repeat protein from phase 2
**stop the growth promoter
the phase 4 diet is a simple ________________ diet
grain-soybean meal
what phase is the cheapest in the nursery feeding program
phase 4
in phase 4: pigs at this weight will start to respond to _______ in the diet. Phase 4 diets have up to approx ______%
fat
3
what kind of fat is used in phase 4
high quality fat= oil
soybean oil
coconut oil
corn oil
what are the three goals in a nursery feeding program
- match dietary nutrient levels and ingredients with weight and age of nursery pig
- maximize feed intake (make sure palatable)
- adjust pig to a lower cost diet as quickly as possible after weaning to reduce total feed cost (slowly shift to SBM, cant do blood meal)
age of weaning decreases, the cost of diet
increases
the newly weaned pig has a high capacity for protein deposition in relation to the level of ______________
feed intake
post-weaning diets must be formulated with high levels of digestable _____________________
amino acids
since feed intake is limited for nursery pigs, highly digestable ______________ is advantageous to stimulate feed intake and supply _____________________-
carbohydrate source
available source of energy
*dried whey= good carb source
fat utilization from diets is limited in pigs before approx __________ days of age, however many nursery diets contain dietary fat as it helps ________________
35
lubricate pellete mill diet improving pellet quality in diets with high milk products
what is the enzyme we are most concerned with
amylase
the lactating sow needs energy and nutrients to do what 3 main things
maintain body tissues
support milk production
allow for maternal growth
excessive negative nutrient balance during lactation can be minimized by
increased feed intake
increase nutrient concentration of diet (better option=fat)
2-5% fat in lactation diet
sows produce how much milk a day
3 gallons/day
high milk production results in daily nutrient requirements that are ____________ than during gestation
3 times
the energy/ nutrient requirement of a lactating sow is dependent on
her weight
milk yield
body comp (start at 3.5, end around 2.5)
housing environment
for highly prolific and productive sows, what is used to support lactation that often results in loss of body weight
nutrients from body tissue reserves
feed
excessive body weight in lactating sows can lead to
short term repro problems like extended wean to estrus interval and smaller litter size
lactating sow feed intake __________ from 1st to 6th parity
increases
sow lactation feed intake often is not enough during lactation to meet the sows energy/nutrient needs for maintenance/milk, especially for parity ____________. These sows _______________ to meet their energy/nutrient requirements
1 and 2
mobilize body tissues
what does a diet look like for a lactating sow
energy and protein (corn/fat and SBM)
supplemental fat
bulky ingredients to help ith constipation (oats, barley, beet pulp, Epsom salt, linseed oil)
some producers add bulky feed ingredients to sows diets before and free days after farrowing to prevent___________________ but it may limit their __________
constipation & mastitis
total feed intake
increasing caloric density of the diet when sow feed intakes are insufficient to meet energy needs, helps partially _________________
make up the deficiency in energy intake
_______________ increases the daily gain of nursing pigs
supplemental fat
what is the most capable class of swine to effectively utilize dietary fiber
gestating sows
** helps control gestational weight gain
T/F dietary fiber decreases the energy and bulky density of the diet limits intake and helps control weight gain
true
examples: oats, barley
sows are _______ throughout gestation, sows would consume more food if allowed
limit-fed
limit feeding sows creates ________________ among sows at feeding
competition
what can be used to help minimize food competition and help feed sows individually
Electronic sow feeds/ feeding stalls
maternal weight gain accounts for ______% of the sows total energy needs
15-25%
Parity 0 and parity 1, the sow is still growing so what should be allowed
more weight gain should be allowed compared to older sows that have reached their mature body weight
gains in maternal body weight provide a _____________ for the upcoming lactation
reservoir of nutrients
excessive weight gains can predispose the sow to ________________ during lactation
poor performance
extreme reductions (50-60%) in nutrient intake of gestating sows will reduce _____________________ and decrease ____________________
birth weight of pigs
muscle fiber numbers at birth
what problems do low birth weight pigs experience
decreased growth performance at market
decreased lean content of carcass at harvest
compromised meat quality compared to normal weight pigs
gestating sows should be fed a supplemental fat during the last ___________ weeks of gestation to improve the _____________ of the fetus
2-3 wks
energy stores
T/F feeding a lactation diet containing 3% fat at 6lb/hd/day for 14 days before farrowing will achieve the desired fat intake
true
the nutrient requirements for maintenance are influenced primarily by what 2 things
body weight
housing environment of sow
older, heavier sows have _______________ nutrient needs and require ______________ to maintain their body than younger lighter weight sows
increased
more feed
maintenance energy requirements account for __________% of a sows total energy requirement
75-85
which situation needs more feed vs. less feed
heavier
cold
hot
older
heavier= more feed
cold= more feed
hot= less feed
older= more feed
sows will become _____________, use body stores of nutrients, during late gestation because nutrient supply from feed intake ____________________________. To avoid this disparity in nutrient supply and demand most sow farms use ___________________
catabolic
will not satisfy daily nutrient needs
phase feeding for gestating sows
during early gestation, days ____________, the sows are fed ___________________ because nutrient needs of the developing litter is small
0-30
maintenance levels of feed
~12% CP
overfeeding during early gestation can have a effect on
embryo survival before implantation
During mid gestation, day _____________, feed intake is kept __________________, but can be altered if sow needs to lose or gain weight
30-75
near maintencance
during late gestation, day _______________, fetal growth rate ___________ dramatically compared to early and mid gestation
75-114
increases
sow feed intake should be increased, _______________ pounds/day increase, during the last ____________ weeks of gestation
1.5-2 pounds/day
3-4 weeks
large increases in feed intake during late gestation can have negative effects on _________________ and excessive sow weight gains may depress ________________
mammary development
feed intake during subsequent lactation
feeding during gestation focuses on minimizing ______________________ and preparing the sows for _________________
embryo/fetus losses
farrowing and lactation
in early stages of gestation the goal is to
Ensure max survival of embryos
have large litter size at subsequent farrowing
in mid stages of gestation the goal is to
growth of developing fetuses
increase nutrient stores in the sow or replenishment of nutrient stores lost from previous lactation
in late stages of gestation the goal is to
fetal growth increases at rapid rate
mammary development
how many phases are there for nursery pigs
4
