EXAM 1: confinement production Flashcards
what is the biggest biosecurity risk of a boar stud
itself
** if it goes down with a disease: semen sales go down, income goes to zero, no source of semen for clients
is boar semen stored/frozen
no; typically a 10d to 1 week shelf life
new boars must be __________
isolated for 30 to 60 days
away from all other swine
blood tested for PRRS (like flu through semen) and brucellosis
**have individual pens
most commercial boar stud house ______ to ____ boars, in individual pens
100, 200
how is semen collected from boar
artificial mounting dummy
what test are conducted on boar sperm
sperm motility
sperm morphology
sperm concentration
sperm numbers
most labor-intensive facility of swine industry
sow unit
static group
Group of sows in the same production phase, good for small groups of up to 40 sows/pen
gestation crates
common 20 years ago
not really used today
expensive
after weaning sows return to the breeding and gestation barn. Typically they are grouped in pens until returning to _________
estrus
how soon will sows return to esturs
5-7 days
how often are sows heat checked
2 times a day
how many sows are bred by AI
95%
dynamic group
group of 80-200 sows
every week sows enter and leave the group; thus, the animals are in different productive phases
group housing can result in ______________ among females
physical aggression
pros of sows being by themselves
prevents fighting
in gestation stall during the gestation period
provides individual supply and attention
group gestation pro/cons
group dynamics
feeding and individual sow observation is challenging
aggression (abortion, mummy, stillborn if exposed to aggression first 30d or last 2 weeks)
temp in breeding/gestation facility
heat stress MUST BE AVOIDED
60-68 degrees
first 30d and last 2wks
water in breeding/gestation facility
normally free choice
depends on feed intake, weight and climate
average 2.5 to 6 gallon of water a day
heavier the pig, the ________ water needed
more
feed intake in breeding/gestation facility
strictly controlled
hand feeding
mechanical drops
self feeder (rare)
computerized sow feeder
**fed for maintenance until certain point in pregnancy*
what is the most expensive building the in sow unit
farrowing facilities
most farrowing barns utilize crates to
reduce the number of pigs being crushed by the sow
better access to sow udder
allow for zone heating/cooling
at what day are pregnant sows moved to farrow area to be placed in pens/crates
~ day 109
what is done to sows prior to entering the farrow area
washed
dewormed (internal and external)
temp requirements for sow
60-65
temp requirements for baby pig for the first 3 days of life
85-90
weaning age
~21 days
what do facilities use to keep temp controlled
heat lamps
heat mats
snout cooler
nursery unit
facility or building designed specifically to house newly weaned pigs until they reach the finishing stage, around 50-60 pounds
temp:82-85 and should be reduced 2-4/week once pigs are eating
T/F boars are already castrated when in nursey unit
true
benefits of nursery for pigs
learn to socialize
learn to eat feed
finishing units
can recieve pigs from the nursery unit (50-60lb) or newly weaned (wean to finish)
pigs stay until they reach slaughter weight
goal of finishing unit
fast weight gain
what unit is the lowest in biosecurity/easiest to manage
finishing unit
are pigs grouped by size and sex in the finishing unit
YES
Farrow- to- finish
producers breed sows, farrow them, and produce pigs to weaning
then, feed them to market weight
**long term commitment; 10 month cycle
Farrow- to-nursery
two-phase production system where pigs change ownership for finishing
breeding, farrowing, selling nursery pigs to finishing operations when they hit 50-60 lb
what is the most labor and expensive farm types
farrow to finish
farrow to nursery compared to farrow to finish
farrow to nursery has a decreased need for:
facilities
operating capital
amount of feed/manure handled
requires a sow and nursery unit
farrow to wean
subset to farrow to nursery pig
weaned pig producers maintain the breeding, gestation,farrowing, and lactation phases.
pigs are weaned at 14-22d and sold privately/contracted OR producers maintain ownership
** little feed cost
wean to finish
one facility that houses pigs from weaning to market weight
reduced cleaning/disinfecting between group of pigs
reduced transportation stress (2.1 turns/yr)
slightly more expensive than traditional
finishing
Producers that finish pigs buy or have a contract for feeder pigs
Feed out pigs to market weight
finishing production is the ___________ management and labor phase in a swine operation
highest or lowest
lowest
why is finishing farm plan the lowest in management and labor
mechanized feeder and manure management
low death
why was confinment housing introduced
**Majority of pigs are raised in total or modified confinement
introduced to increase labor and animal performance
when were confinement systems introduced and what animal were they for
1950
poultry
specialized equipment/building is needed for pig confinement because they are indoors 24 hr.
Equipment includes:
slatted floors
automatic ventilation
liquid manure
confinement housing challenges
expensive
negative social opinion
ventilation
liquid manure (stinks more)
confinement housing benefits
low labor/unit of output
small land requirement
protection from elements
separated manure from pig (limits disease)
less parasite control
better feed and ADG
The need for high returns on capital investments means most confinement operations on run on a ___________________
large scale at full capacity
500 or more sows
minimum of 2,000 to 5000 hogs in finishing operations
examples of confinement barns
highly mechanized buildings or old barns
**long, low-lying metal buildings on concrete foundation
confinement facilities emphasize a controlled environment to reduce temp and humidity fluctuations which helps limit ________ and ________
stress
disease
Confinement facilities emphasize a controlled environment to reduce temp and humidity fluctuations which helps limit ________ and ________
stress
disease
examples of temp regulators
fans
drip-system coolers
misters
automatic heaters
T/F bedding is used in confinement barns
NO (in most)
Pigs are homothermic, which means?
they need to maintain a constant core body temp around 102
pigs function normally when they are in their _____________ zone
thermal-neutral
What happens when the temp is below the thermal-neutral zone
increased food intake
huddle together
shiver
What happens when the temp is above the thermal-neutral zone
reduced feed intake
drink more
panting
at what temp does heat stress start to set in for pigs
~86
farrow room temp regulators include
heat lamp
hot water floor heaters
heating pads/mats
range of environmental temps over which heat produced by pigs remains constant
thermal neutral zone
temp for boars, sows, finishing pigs
58-68
temp for nursery pigs
68-82
temp for newborn pigs
85-90
most common type of ventilation in confinement facilities
mechanical
purpose of ventilation systems
provides airflow/release of:
–toxic gasses(CO2, methane, ammonia)
– bioaerosol gasses(dust, mold, skin dander)
does a heavier pig require higher or lower CFM than lighter
higher
flooring/manure in confinement barns
“self-cleaning” slatted floors of non-abrasive/slip-resistant material (metal, concrete, plastic etc.)
uses of water in confinement barns
watering animals (nipple waters or troughs)
cleaning facilities
cooling
removing manure
water intake depends on
weight
temp
water wastage
feed intake
All-In-All-Out (AIAO)
a system that keeps animals together in groups
closely matched in age, weight, condition, and production stage
the group stays the same once establish (no introductions)
can improve productivity and reduce cost/disease transmission
