EXAM 2: gestation, farrowing, lactation Flashcards
where is sperm deposited
cervix near uterus
uterine contractions introduced by __________ from the female and ___________ from the male, move the sperm to site of fertilization
oxytocin
prostiglandins
most of the fertilizing sperm will reach the site of fertilization ________hours after insemination but will continue to increase for up to ____________hours
3-6
12
once fertilization occurs, early embryos will develop in the _______ for about 48 hours
oviduct
when are many embryos lost
day 10 and 20 of gestation
**defective or slow developing
after fertilization, the early embryos enter the ________ on day 4 and remain ___________ and mix with each other until approximately 12-13 days of gestation
uterus
free-floating
what is meant by embryos free-float
migrate to horn
space evenly between horns
for embryos to survive after 10 days of gestation,they must signal to the sow they are present by secreting___________ which will prevent the sow from releasing ___________ from the uterus
estrogen
prostaglanin
what does prostaglandin do
hormone that will destroy the CL and cease progesterone production= termination of pregnancy
T/F if there are no embryos or too few of embryos to produce a signal, prostaglandin is released
true
if embryo is successful in signaling dam what happens
progesterone stays high
uterine contractions inhibited until parturition
embryo attach at day 14-17 of gestation
The uterus will accommodate many more embryos/fetuses than can actually come to term; those that cannot be supported due to limited space will be lost ___________
before day 50 of pregnancy
sows that fail to establish and maintain pregnancy do not cover the ________ associated with their daily maintenance and housing
cost
why is pregnancy checking important
minimize the cost of NPDs
identify # of farrowing crates needed
identify open females for rebreeding or culling
prevents culling pregnant sows
identify repro failure
help predict future pig flow
the optimal time to diagnosis pregnancy is between _____________ days following breeding
24-35
sows should enter farrowing with a body condition score of
3 or 4
sows with a BCS 5 are at a higher risk of
farrowing complications
structural damage to their own bodies
decreased feed intake during lactation
sows with a low BCS (1-2) may have
decreased milk production/ productivity
experience lower productivity in the future
poor rebreeding
high culling
sows direct nutrition and energy will go to their own health before milk production
increase in shoulder ulcers
score determined by pressure on ribs, spine, and hip
body condition score
ranges from 1-5
Improper body condition can lead to
disrupt endocrine system
problems with lactation
problems getting/ staying pregnant
how does proper body condition impact repro
will lead to consistent repro performance
1 week prior to farrowing, what occurs
diet is changed to higher energy lactation diet
mammary glands and vulva become swollen
24 hours prior to farrowing, what occurs
mammary gland begins to secret milky liquid
nest building
laying down most of the time
respiration and vocalization increases
once farrowing begins the duration can range from
30 min - 5 hours
in what position are pigs born
head first OR feet first
the average interval between pigs is approximately
15 min
Prolonged farrowing will increase the
number of stillborns/ death losses during the first few days after birth
do pigs normally have farrowing problems/ need assistance
rarely have problems
little to no assistance
if assisting a sow with birth, what needs to be done
wash external genitalia with soap
lube, clean glove
hand and arm in repro tract as far as needed to retrieve pig
is inducing farrowing a common practice, why
YES
allows workers to attend farrowing lowering stillborn and improves pre-weaning mortality
** pigs are freed from membrane
** weak pigs are revived
how is farrowing induced
administer 2cc of lutalyse intramuscularly (pgf2 alpha) into neck
20-30 hours after injection the sow should start to farrow
how do we induce farrowing if lutalyse does not work
1cc of oxytocin for those who dont respond
injected into vulva
sow should show signs shes ready to farrow
shoulder ulcer
abscess/bruising on shoulder due to rubbing on concrete
**skinny pigs
what does MMA stand for
mastitis
metritis
agalactia
___________ and ___________ often enhance the occurrence of MMA in sows
difficult farrowing
assisted farrowings
inflammation of one or more mammary glands
common condition that occurs sporadically in individual sows or sometimes as a herd outbreak
mastitis
how does mastitis aris
bacteria gains entry into one or more mammary glands for the first time
OR
may be a flare-up of a long-standing subclinical infection
if mastitis is left untreated what happens
become chronic
thick fibrous scar tissue
large lumps
what are the three categories of mastitis
coliform bactria
stap/strep bacteria
miscellaneous bacteria
coliform mastitis
most common/ serious on sow farms in wet, cold environments
decreased milk yield
sick sow
poor growing pigs
purple, swollen mammary glands
what causes coliform mastitis
E. coli (wet, cold environment)
treatment for coliform and staph/strep mastitis
antibiotics
inflammation of the uterus caused by bacterial infection
fairly common in immediate post-farrowing period
metritis
metritis is more likely to occur in what kind pig
sows with prolonged farrowing/ required assistance
what is metritis commonly paired with
mastitis
inflammation of the uterus caused by bacterial infection
fairly common in the immediate post-farrowing period
metritis
miscellaneous mastitis
uncommon
various seriousness
staph/strep mastitis
less severe than coliform
occurs sparatically in sows
mammary glnds= hot and swollen
thick yellow/brown discharge
symptoms of metritis
inflamed uterus
discharge from vulva (brown, red)
common in sows that had prolonged farrowing
shortage of milk in healthy lactating sows
agalactia
treatment for metritis
antibiotics
oxytocin to have uterus contract
is agalactia common
no; RARE
if seen, more in gilts
hard to treat
nervous, hysterical sows
–what happens
–how to treat it
Trample, lie on, or kill newborn pigs with mouth
remove pigs, place in warm environment until farrowing is complete (return a test pig)
old remedy= give sow beer
pigs born alive fall into two categories:
normal
disadvantaged
characteristics of normal pigs
born quickly
get to feet in a minute or 2
begin suckling ~15 min
take a large share of the sow’s colostrum
**if mom is good, normal pigs thrive without much help
characteristics of disadvantaged pigs
weakened by rigors of birth process
lightweight
have defects
slow reaching the udder
chilled–lower core body temp= more likely to die
slow to feet/udder
what is a lightweight pig classified as
Less than 2.75 pounds (avg wt= 3-4)
less likely to survive
pigs born immediately will
instinctively work way to teat
cant visually see teat, find by snout
contact with littermates cause defense mechanism
pigs will nurse on the same teat for the entire nursing period
Heavier pigs will nurse from the _________ teats
anterior
(closer to the head)
sows produce colostrum for
24-48 hours
** crucial that newborns receive colostrum withing 36 hours (better absorption)
what kind of environment does a newborn pig need
clean
warm
draft free
safe
heat source
much of the sow management during lactation revolved around
feed
water
is it normal for a sow to lose body condition while nursing
yes, around .5
start at a 3-4
During lactation, sows should stand 2-3x a day to
stimulate feed/ water consumption
encourage normal elimination (feces)
T/F it is common for sows not to eat much for the first few days after farrowing
true
increased intake in feed will increase________ production
milk
what kind of diet should a sow be fed while lactating
high energy
2-3x a day
with a laxative source
examples of laxative source
bland, bulky feedstuff (oat, beet pulp, wheat bran)
potassium chloride
Epsom salt
linseed meal
management technique used to reduce weight variation in litters and to evenly match the number of pigs with the sow’s ability to raise them
cross fostering
The lowest pig mortality is observed in
high birthweight litters with slight withing litter weight variation
Cross-fostering should be done with what kind of pigs
before 24-48 hours old (before teat fidelity is established)
transfer males instead of females when raising replacements
go to a sow that is small, docile
main causes of pre-weaning mortality
trauma, crushing =50%
low viability (disadvantaged)= 20%
starvation= 15%
scours, disease, unknown= 15%
how does the season of the year impact pre-weaning mortality
greater loss in fall and winter
how does birth weight impact pre-weaning mortality
smaller the pig (less than 2.75)= increased chance of death
how does sex impact pre-weaning mortality
boars are more at risk than females
how does birth order impact pre-weaning mortality
70% of deaths occur in last half of pigs born due to experiencing more stress and less colostrum
how does litter size impact pre-weaning mortality
greatest loss is seen in small litters (4 or less) due to mom being sick
OR
very large litters of 20+ to to less resources
how does colostrum impact pre-weaning mortality
pigs that die consume 50% less colostrum= increased chance of dying
how does prolonged farrowing impact pre-weaning mortality
pigs born to sows that experienced prolonged farrowing are more at risk
how does dirty pens/ crates impact pre-weaning mortality
dirty crates = increased chance of dying
