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ASC 408G: Swine > final: Manure/Odor control > Flashcards

final: Manure/Odor control Flashcards

1
Q

Manure is one of the most important problems facing the swine industry because:

A

must be removed due to sanitation
the volume makes it hard to store
too expensive to burn
too bulky to bury

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2
Q

most manure on swine farms are in what form

A

liquid

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3
Q

Swine manure is a ____________ fertilizer

A

economic

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4
Q

swine produce the most manure based on _____________

A

body weight

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5
Q

swine manure contains _______________ plant nutrients which include

A

13 essential

nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium
calcium
magnesium
sulfur
manganese
copper
zinc
chlorine
boron

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6
Q

plant nutrients originate from the feed, supplements, _____________, and __________ consumed by the animal

A

medications
water

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7
Q

the nutrient content in swine manure depends on:

A

age
diet
temperature
collection/storage methods
moisture content (liquid vs. bedded system)

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8
Q

what are the three most critical nutrients we look at in plants

A

nitrogen
phosphorus
potassium

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9
Q

manure is a ___________________ and has positive impacts on soil and soil health, but management decisions during land application influence the ______________________ resulting from manure

A

desirable plant fertilizer
relative environmental benefit or risk

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10
Q

Broadcasting is the process of placing manure onto the

A

surface of a field

**oldest method of spreading manure

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11
Q

T/F broadcasting is cheap, easy, and can be done during any season

A

true

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12
Q

disadvantages of broadcasting

A

Substantial loss of nitrogen loss within a few days of application (happens when ammonium converts to ammonia–a process called volatilization)

odor concerns

possibility of nutrients or pathogen runoff in large rain or snowmelt events

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13
Q

injection is used with what form of manure

A

liquid

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14
Q

what is the injection method of applying manure

A

when manure is placed below the surface of the soil

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15
Q

why was the injection method of manure developed

A

reduce odor and ammonia issues/gas loss

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16
Q

is broadcasting or injection more expensive

A

injection= more expensive

It is more expensive because it takes longer and requires more fuel/horsepower.

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17
Q

methods to decrease dust

A

clean barns
diet ingredients (fat,oil, mixing diet with water)
mist pigs (w/ water or oil)

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18
Q

Things that can lead to the generation of dust

A

feed
molds
insect parts
pollen
manure
dander

**Most barn dust is very fine, allowing for it to be drawn deep into the lungs

** dust can also be a health risk for workers

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19
Q

dust particles can carry _______ and _________. A large portion of the odor associated with exhaust air from mechanically ventilated bars are _____________

A

gases, odor
dust particles that have absorbed odors from the building

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20
Q

control of dust improves the working conditions for _________ and helps significantly in ____________

A

the producer
odor reduction

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21
Q

_______________ is the most often cause of critically high gas levels in confinement facilities

A

ventilation breakdown

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22
Q

if fresh air in confinement facilities are not replenished during power failure, ______________ levels can reach a lethal proportion in _____________

A

carbon dioxide
8-10 hours

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23
Q

death due to ventilation break down is usually hastened by ___________________ and _________________ in a confinement facility

A

rising temp
humidity

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24
Q

T/F agitating manure that has been stores in a pit for several months can release dangerous quantities of noxious gas, even if ventilation is operating properly

A

TRUE

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25
Q

what are the dangers of agitation

A

release of highly toxic hydrogen sulfide

release of carbon dioxide in quantities sufficient to deplete the oxygen supply

26
Q

entering the manure store pit can be potentially lethal for _____________

A

humans

27
Q

carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are__________ than air and tend to collect at the__________

A

heavier
manure surface

28
Q

in pits equipped with a cover or manhole opening only, ____________ can accumulate, creating potentially _________ conditions

A

methane
explosive

29
Q

what dangerous gasses can be put out by the following:

  1. space heater
  2. agitating manure
  3. entering a manure storage facility
A
  1. space heater= carbon monoxide
  2. agitating manure= carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide
  3. entering a manure storage facility= carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane
30
Q

gases in a confinement facility result from bacterial action on __________________. Gases produced in greatest quantities are:

A

biodegradable parts of swine waste

  1. methane
  2. carbon dioxide
  3. ammonia
  4. hydrogen sulfide
31
Q

__________, the gas produced in greatest volume during the anaerobic stabilization process, results from organic acids being degraded

A

methane

32
Q

methane usually escapes into the atmosphere and is a potential _______________. Methane is colorless, __________, and lighter than ___________

A

air pollutant
odorless
air

33
Q

how is methane formed

A

by a highly specialized group of bacteria and conditions normally found in confinement facilities are not conducive to producing significant amounts of methane

34
Q

The most important danger of methane is its _______________ characteristics at concentration of _______%

A

explosive
5-15%

35
Q

______________ the second most abundant gas in the anaerobic process and is also produced as organic acids are degraded

A

carbon dioxide

36
Q

T/F
Because carbon dioxide is odorless, the pollution potential of this gas is ofter overlooked

A

TRUE

37
Q

carbon dioxide is odorless, ________, and __________ than air

A

colorless
heavier

38
Q

carbon dioxide makes up ____________% of the gas resulting from anaerobic stabilization of manure

A

30-60%

39
Q

T/F carbon dioxide is highly toxic

A

FALSE

40
Q

carbon dioxide is dangerous because of _______________ due to the depletion of the oxygen supply in the air

A

asphyxiation

41
Q

concentrations greater than ______% of carbon dioxide are cause for concern for both humans and _______

A

4%
livestock

42
Q

what season are carbon dioxide issues more prevalent

A

winter; shut down ventilation

43
Q

ammonia is released as ________________ are broken down by bacteria

A

amino acids in protein

**nitrogen in manure and urea in urine is converted to ammonia

44
Q

ammonia is easily identified because of its strong ______

A

odor

45
Q

ammonia is a ____________ gas that makes up less than _______% of the gases produced during the decomposition of ___________

A

colorless
5%
animal manure

46
Q

ammonia concentrations greater than __________% in confinement buildings are likely to cause _______________ to both humans and animals

A

0.01%
considerable discomfort (tissue/eye irritation, death)

47
Q

____________ reduction of sulfur-containing compounds such as certain amino acids result in the formation of ______________

A

anaerobic
hydrogen sulfide

48
Q

hydrogen sulfide is colorless, _________ than air, and _____________

A

heavier
smells like rotten eggs

49
Q

given off in small quantities during anaerobic decomposition, ____________ is the most toxic manure gas

A

hydrogen sulfide

50
Q

concentrations of __________ % of hydrogen sulfide cause considerable discomfort to humans and livestock. Levels greater than 0.05% are likely to be __________

A

0.001%
lethal

** cause pneumonia, respiratory disease, death

51
Q

odor is most often the result of the ___________________________ resulting in the production of _____, esters, carbonyls, aldehydes, and amines which all cause oder

A

uncontrolled anaerobic decomposition of manure
VFA’s

**feed spoilage can also contribute to odor

52
Q

the most significant complaint about odor from swine farms is during and after __________

A

spreading manure on fields

**spreading manure on top of the soil by tankers or irrigation can cause high odors

53
Q

methods to reduce odor include:

A

barn location
diet manipulation
biofilters
manure additives
solid cover
straw cover
manure handling

54
Q

injecting manure into soil can reduce odors ___________% compared to broadcasting spreading of manure

A

50-70%

55
Q

how does straw cover reduce odor

A

8-12 inch blanket of dry wheat, barley or other good quality straw is floated on top of the liquid surface of the manure storage basin

reducing the amount of emissions

allow oxygen in

56
Q

how does a solid cover reduce odor

A

a non-porus cover is floated on or suspended over the liquid surface of the manure storage basin

cover traps gases before they escape

gas must be drawn off and treated

57
Q

how does natural crust reduce gas

A

swine storage basins can for a natural crust

this crust will reduce odor emissions

58
Q

how does biofilters reduce gas

A

Odorous gases are passed through a bed of compost and wood chips, bacterial and fungal activity help oxidize organic volatile compounds, reducing odor

** drawing exhaust air through a bed of compost and wood chips with bacteria/fungi can reduce odor, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and dust

59
Q

how does manure additives reduce gas

A

chemical or biological products are added to the manure to reduce the formation of gas

60
Q

how does diet manipulation reduce gas

A

enzymes are added to swine diets can improve nutrient utilization, reducing odor.

diets can be formulated to reduce crude protein content, lower nitrogen levels in feces, thus reducing odor

61
Q

what is bad about diet manipulation to reduce gas

A

not recommended

decrease ADG

decreased CP= decreased growth

62
Q

how does barn location reduce gas

A

location of barn in relation to nearby dwellings and wind direction can impact odor spread.

trees around the barn can help reduce odor spread, trees also provide visual barrier

***easiest/ cheapest way to reduce odor= consider wind direction

ASC 408G: Swine (37 decks)

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