biomedical Flashcards
heart valves from pigs are transplanted into __________ heart valve patients/year in the U.S., swine heart valves can last up to ______ years in a human
60,000
15 years
what are the 3 types of heart valves
porcine (matches better size/shape with human)
bovine (good option for religious reasons)
mechanical
__________ what used to treat diabetes until the 1980s
insulin from pigs
what kind of insulin is used today
biosynthetic; made from recombinant DNA technology
**pig insulin is still used for people who is allergic to the synthetic version
pigs are the best candidates for ____________, as porcine blood has the most similar characteristics to human blood
xenotransfusion
how is the blood from pigs similar to humans
RBC size
RBC life span
hemoglobin content
T/F pigs can be genetically modified to produce RBC that are equivalent to blood type O negative
true
**pigs dont really have types of blood like we do normally
in the past, _____________ made up the majority of animals used in biomedical research, 90%
rodents (rats/mice)
the other 10% of animals used in biomedical research are:
dogs
cats
rabbits
guinea pigs
hamsters
non-human primates
farm animals partially swine
what is used the most for human and animal research
pigs
what are some similar features pigs and humans share
size of organs
similar anatomical and physiological functions
many organs have the same structures, about 80-90% corresponding systems ——heart, lung, GI system
what is the only system not similar between humans and pigs
reproductive system
how are pig and human hearts similar
approx same size
similar blood comp
structural similarities
prone to develop artery plaque buildup (from high cholesterol diet)
react similarly to myocardial infarction (classic heart attack)
pigs used in biomedical research are typically raised _____________, allowing them to be free from infection of microorganisms
germ free
what is significant about how germ-free pigs delivered
surgery; hysterectomy carried out on the pregnant sow near term
pigs are reared under completely sterile conditions usually filtered air and sterilized water
what are some things made from using pig skin
gelatin (gummies, ice cream)
porcine burn dressings
luggage
what are some things made from using pig internal organs
insulin
medicines
sutures
heart valves
typically, swine used for biomedical research are from ______________ breeds.
miniature
The difference between domestic farm breeds and miniature breeds are related to their ___________and ____________, rather than anatomic difference in organs and structures
growth rate
size at maturity
most common breeds used for biomedical research in the united states are:
hanford (lean, surgical, same heart size as human)
yucatan (150-200 lbs, hairless, used for skin studies)
sinclair (50-75lbs, nutrition, urinary, skin)
panepinto (~20lbs, variety of uses)
Gottingen (50-75lb, variety of uses)
Transplanting pig organs into humans, known as ______________, has been difficult as the presence of pig organs cause _______________________
xenotransplantation
human immune system to go into hyperacute rejection
examples of pig to human transplants
heart
kidney
liver
pancreas
cornea
**pig to baboon heart
how are pigs used in nutritional studies/ why
similar digestive physiology to humans
used to test diabetes treatment
alcoholism
gastric ulcers
similar metabolic processes in live
oral absorption of drugs
baby pigs used to test digestive function in low birth weight infants
how are pigs used in wound healing and plastic surgeries
although its thicker, it heals similar to human skin
useful in the study of burn victims and chemical weapon testing
how are pigs used in surgical training
allows for hands-on training for students (sutures, endoscopy etc.)
**military, med school— good way to practice trauma
how are pigs used in studying muscle growth
scientist were able to re-grow human leg muscle using implants made of pig bladder tissue
hanford and yucatan pigs are used for what kind of studies
hanford (lean, surgical, same heart size as human)
yucatan (150-200 lbs, hairless, used for skin studies)
sinclair pigs are used for what kind of studies
50-75lbs, nutrition, urinary, skin
panepinto and Gottingen pigs are used for what kind of studies
panepinto (~20lbs, variety of uses)
Gottingen (50-75lb, variety of uses)
