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ASC 408G: Swine > EXAM 2: Reproductive Anatomy/Physiology- FEMALE > Flashcards

EXAM 2: Reproductive Anatomy/Physiology- FEMALE Flashcards

1
Q

gilts/sow reproductive tract

A

ovaries
oviducts
uterine horns
uterine body
cervix
vagina
vulva

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2
Q

made of connective tissue nerves and blood vessels, attaching near the point of the spine, and runs continuously with the innermost layer of the abdominal cavity

A

broad ligament

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3
Q

3 parts of the broad ligament

A

mesovarium
messoalpinx
mesomentrium

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4
Q

what does the mesovarium do

A

contains vessels, nerves, muscle fibers that extend to the ovaries and suspends the ovaries

part of the broad ligament

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5
Q

what does the messoalpinx do

A

stretches from ovary to the oviduct

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6
Q

what does the mesomentrium do

A

largest portion of the broad ligament

supports the uterus

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7
Q

why is the uterine horn large in swine compared to the uterine body

A

pigs are litter bearing species

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8
Q

what is unique about a pigs cervix

A

corkscrew shape

Contains 5 interdigitating pads which provide pressure points for locking the penis or AI catheters

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9
Q

gilt vs. sow broad ligament

A

gilt: thin, transparent

sow: lengthens, stretches, thickens
**contracts a little after birth but not back to original size

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10
Q

the ________ of gilts and sows is important because it is the source for both repro hormones and eggs

A

ovary

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11
Q

The ovary is responsive to

A

hormones released from other organs especially the pituitary gland

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12
Q

pituitary gland

A

located near base of brain

source of FSH and LH

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13
Q

why are FSH and LH important

A

responsible for initiating and stimulating the ovary to become active to begin reproduciton

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14
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone causes what to happen to a follicle

A

small sized follicle to grow into medium-sized follicle

these follicles appear as a small blisters on the ovary

**mimics estrogen

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15
Q

each follicle contains an egg and produces a lot of steroid hormones such as __________

A

estrogen

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16
Q

Luteinizing Hormone is important for

A

the continued growth of medium-sized follicles into large sized, which are responsible for releasing an egg at estrus

LH surge= heat

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17
Q

As the follicle grows, the ______ inside the follicle also begins to ________ as estrogen levels inside the follicle become very high

A

egg
mature

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18
Q

the elevation in follicular estrogen ultimately leads to _____________________ in the blood

A

estrogen levels

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19
Q

when blood concentrations of estrogen become high enough, the female shows

A

signs of estrus

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20
Q

The occurrence of peak levels of estrogen in the blood which originate from the large follicles on the ovary is followed closely by a _________ into the blood at the time of __________

A

surge of LH
estrus

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21
Q

ovulation of large follicles occurs about _______ hours after the LH surge. The eggs from all the large follicles from both ovaries will ovulate in about __________ hours

A

42hrs
3hrs

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22
Q

does timing of ovulation vary

A

yes, depending of age, genetics etc

Sows are observed to ovulate as early as 24hrs to as late as 60hrs after the onset estrus

23
Q

Estrogen high, progesterone is

A

LOW

24
Q

what do we look for to help us indicate that a female is in heat

A

standing heat— pressure on their back=they will lock up

25
Q

the pregnancy hormone

A

progesterone

26
Q

a sow comes into heat every _______ days

A

21

27
Q

why is ovulation rate important

A

this number becomes the first limiting factors to litter size in pigs

28
Q

sows develop hundreds of small follicles during an estrous cycle, but only ovulate around ____________ oocytes at estrus

A

10-20 (realistically 17-22)

29
Q

do we want to breed before or after egg is released

A

before

sperm can survive ~24 hours in the tract
ovum can only survive ~8-12 hours in tract

30
Q

when is abnormal ovulation seen

A

gilts in pubertal estrus – 1st heat cycle (low numbers)
summer months –heat stress (June-sept)
after excessive weight loss— lactation, diet, energy

31
Q

within a few hours after ovulation, cells of the follicle begin to rapidly change and divide into a new type of cell, which over a few days will form a _______________, which produces______________

A

corpus luteum (CL or yellow body)
progesterone

32
Q

after ovulation, the oocytes are moved into the oviduct by coordinated muscular contractions of a thin tissue called

A

fimbria

33
Q

role of the fimbria

A

wraps around the ovary and, under the influence of estrogen induces muscular contractions which propel all the eggs into the funnel shape opening of the oviduct

34
Q

oviduct

A

short, convoluted tube that connects the ovary to the uterus

propels eggs in one direction and sperm in the opposite

6-10 inches in length

35
Q

what are the three parts of the oviduct

A

infundibulum (closest to ovary)
ampulla
isthmus

36
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

ampulla

**most eggs reach this site within 30-60 min of ovulation

**eggs remain viable and fertilizable for 8-12 hours after ovulation

37
Q

largest portion of the female repro tract and capable of considerable change in size from non-pregnant to pregnant

A

uterus (horns and body)

**bicornuate uterine structure

38
Q

layers of the uterus

A

endometrium (inner most layer)
myometrium (middle)
perimetrium (outer layer)

39
Q

endometrium

A

inner most layer of uterus
glandular tissue

Produces and secretes hormones, PGF2-alpha kills CL, tells pigs its time to farrow

secretes nutrients to embryos by direct attachement

40
Q

myometrium

A

middle layer of uterus

comprised of smooth muscle cells

41
Q

perimetrium

A

outer layer of uterus

move sperm, space embryos

thin layer of epithelial cells that envelop the uterus
provides shape to uterus

42
Q

uterine horn size variation from non-preg to pregnant

A

non: 2-3 ft
preg: 4-6 ft

43
Q

what is the site of fetal development in a pig

A

uterine horns

44
Q

approximately one inch in diameter and about 6-8 in long, made of tough connective tissue, and contains limited amounts of glandular/muscle tissue

A

cervix

45
Q

cervix’s primary function

A

serve as a locking mechanism for the penis

46
Q

T/F the cervix will open and close under the influence of hormones

A

true

**will remain closed except at estrus and farrowing

dialates for boars penis
expands during farrowing due to fetal pressure

47
Q

the primary source of mucus production

A

cervix

high estrogen/low progestrone= thin, watery mucus

low estrogen/ high progestrone= thick mucus, cervical plug

48
Q

approximately 8-12 inches long and connects the cervix to the external genitalia

made of limited muscular and glandular tissue

A

vagina

49
Q

What serves primarily as a copulatory organ for the boar and as a passage way to the outside

A

vagina

**welcome center

50
Q

the ______ empties into the vagina on the floor of the vagina approximately 2 inches from external opening

A

bladder

51
Q

T/F the vagina is acidic

A

true ~pH of 5.7

keeps out infection

immunoprotection function (IgA and prevents uterine contamination)

52
Q

the external genitalia of the female pigs, composed of connective and fatty tissue

A

vulva

53
Q

the vulva is endowed with blood vessels and in gilts, the vulva will __________________

A

swell and change colors near the time of estrus due to increased blood flow because of high estrogen

ASC 408G: Swine (37 decks)

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