Exam 2: Health and Disease (intro-skin conditions) Flashcards
heart rate of a healthy pig
70-120 min
respiration rate of a healthy pig
10-20 breaths a minute
normal temperature of a healthy pig
101.5-102
why is heart rate not always a good indicator for telling if a pig is sick
pigs have a thick fat cover making it hard to hear the correct beat
general characteristics of a sick pig
lose their appetite
separate themselves from the herd
appear listless
shiver
lose body condition
lame
cough/pant/sneeze
infectious disease play a large role in pig herds, especially _________________ herds
large intensive
4 main infectious agents
viruses
bacteria
fungi
parasites
what is the most common infectious agent found in pigs
viruses
examples of non-infectious agents
trauma (tail/vulva biting, greasy pig)
hereditary (PSS)
nutritional deficiency (white muscle disease)
toxic agents (gas, warfarin)
stress
what are the three primary internal parasites found in confinement swine operations
large roundworm
whipworms
nodular worms
Parasites are directly correlated to the _________ of the animal
efficiency (growth, feed efficiency, feed conversion, health status)
parasites have shown to affect the _______________ of an animal predisposing the animal to other disease situations or reducing the ability to fight off __________
immune system
infections
T/F most internal parasites have been eliminated from confinement
true
T/F most parasites don’t survive because we use concrete in confinement barns
true
Internal parasites can cause
lower ADG
impacted feed efficiency
increase susceptibility to other diseases
may cause carcass condemnation at slaughter
what are some financial cost internal parasites can cause producers
increase feed cost due to losses in feed efficiency
losses because of disease outbreak
condemnation at slaughter
Ascaris suum
largest/ most common in U.S swine
can cause damage at every state of development
eggs cant be destroyed by anything but fire
Large roundworms
Total development of large roundworm in pig takes how long
7-8 weeks
lifecycle of a large roundworm
- Animal consumes egg when in environment
- egg hatches in GI and the emerged larva penetrates SI and gets into bloodstream
- gets to liver and spends 3-4 days
- leave liver and goes to lungs (4-5 days)
- pig coughs them up and swallows again; returns to intestine
adult female large roundworm can lay how many eggs
1 million eggs/ day
characteristic of large roundworm egg
coated with protein like material that allows them to stick to rough edges of concrete
**not removed with high-pressure sprayers, chemicals, or physical destruction
signs of large roundworm infection
coughing
labored breathing
damage to liver and lungs (milk spots= scar tissue)
**can lead to condemnation
trichuris suis
most damaging parasite in swine
only takes a few to cause severe problems
most commonly seen in young, growing pigs
adult are ~2IN and seen with naked eye
whipworms
where do whipworms live
cecum
why are whipworms hard to get rid of
hardy
under extreme environmental conditions can remain viable for ~10 yrs
lifecycle of whipworms
- swallowed and eggs hatch in stomach
- larva move to SI and cecum
- larvae and adults burrow into intestinal walls
- mature adults lay eggs
- eggs shed in feces
whipworm migration severely damages the ________________ and disrupts the ___________ absorption
intestinal lining
nutrient
how long does it take a whipworm to develop (full process)
6 weeks
scours
reduced appetite
reduced weight gain
death
symptoms of whipworm infection
oesophagostomum spp.
most frequent in adult pigs and baby pigs (still on mom)
live in the large intestine
Pass eggs in feces
cause abscesses or nodules in the large intestine
nodular worms
nodular worm lifecycle
- swallowed and larva migrate to GI and hatch
- travel to large intestine
- larva burrow into intestinal walls forming abscesses or nodules, and mature into adults
- mature adults lay eggs and get shed
nodules will lead to _________ and ___________ condemnation at slaughter
visceral
carcass
baby pigs born to sows carrying heavy infection of nodular worms will develop
grey sticky diarrhea at 2-3 weeks of age
** often several pigs die out of each litter
** rest will demonstrate uneven growth rates
Protozoan parasite found in the muscle and other tissues of many warm-blooded animals, including animals and humans
Toxoplasma gondii
______ are the only host in which toxoplasma gondii can complete its entire lifecycle
cats
is toxoplasmosis an issue in the U.S
no, it was big in the 50s
big in 3rd world contries
toxoplasma gondii lifecycle
- pig ingest oocysts in soil/water/eat tissues of rodents/ wildlife or meat-containing cysts
- cysts enter the intestine and release sporozoites
- sporozoites penetrate intestinal epithelial cells and transform into tachyzoites
- tachyzoites are dispersed through the body by the circulatory and lymph systems, eventually entering and encysting a tissue cyst in skeletal muscle
- cyst remains alive in the body for the lifetime of the pig
**can get to the heart, brain, liver
T/F most pigs show no signs of being infected with toxoplasmosis
true
symptoms of toxoplasmosis in young pigs
fever
seziure
coughing
diarrhea
death
what people are at risk of toxoplasmosis exposure
pregnant women
tiny parasitic worm
humans may be infected by eating the meat of infected domestic pigs/wild hogs
racoons, skunk, foxes, and rodents are known to be infected and act as a reservoir of the disease
trichinosis
T/F over the past 40 yrs, the number of human cases of trichinosis has declined dramatically in the U.S
true
prevelance is ~0.125%
how are swine infected with trichinosis
Consume trichinella spiralis larva in pork scraps found in uncooked garbage or in meat from infected carcasses of swine/rats/ other carnivorous wildlife
trichinosis lifecycle
- after ingestion of meat, larvae are digested and enter the epithelia of SI; will be sexually mature adults within 4-6 days
- adults give birth to larva that migrates through SI and into the circulatory system
- when they come in contact with skeletal muscle, larvae invade muscle and, by 17-21 days after infection, develop into mature, encysted infective larvae
** encysted larvae can survive in muscle for the life of the host
is there treatment for trichinosis
NO
how to prevent trichinosis
dont feed pigs uncooked garbage
practice rodent control
cook pork at 137
are most external parasite infections deadly
no
what is the estimated annual loss due to lice and mange
range of 30-200 million
what negative impacts do external parasites have on production
decreased growth rates
impacted feed efficiency
decreased carcass value (hide damages, trim loss)
_______ may often go unrecognized in a swine herd, even though these parasites are widely distributed among the herds in the US
Lice
Lice isnt a serious problem but can lead to
economic losses for the producer
An adult louse can lay how many eggs a day
3-4/ day
characteristics of lice
species specific
feed on blood of host
more problematic in winter months
cement to hair follice
eggs will hatch and baby lice (nymphs) develop through 3 stages or “instars” before becoming adults
life span of an louse (lice) from egg to egg
23-30 days
signs/symptoms of lice infestation
scratching/rubbing
restlessness
gnawing at skin
hair becomes rough and thin
where is lice typically found on pigs
neck
jowl
base of ears
inside flanks/legs
**anywhere there is a warm fold
treatment for lice
injectable dewormers and insceticides
Sarcoptic mange is caused by
microscopic parasite mite that lives and feeds in tunnels in the epidermal skin layer of the host
use digestive enzymes to dissolve the host tissues to expand tunnels
**more prevalent in winter months
what is the most economically damaging external parasite (affects FE and ADG)
sarcoptic mange
mange (mite) infestation cause
severe irritation
severe hair loss
inflamed/cracked skin
encrusted lesions on face and ears
scratching/rubbing against objects
starts at head–> ears–>neck–> body
treatment for sarcoptic mange mites
dewormer (topical or injectable)
what are the external parasites we discussed regarding swine
lice
sarcoptic mange mites
what skin conditions did we discuss regarding swine
exudative epidermis (greasy pig)
ringworm
what impact do skin conditions have in swine production
decreased growth rate
impacted Feed efficiency
decreased carcass value
what age is greasy pig typically seen in
less than 8wks (still nursing)
sporadic disease usually occuring in pigs less than 8weeks characterized by high morbidity and varying mortality rates
exudative epidermis (greasy pig)
what causes exudative epidermis (greasy pig)
bacterial staphylococcus hyicus that invades broken skin causing infection
staphylococcus hyicus produces toxins which are absorbed into the system and damage the liver and kidneys
how do pigs get staphylococcus hyicus causing greasy pig
preceding farrowing staphylococcus hyicus multiplies rapidly in the sow’s vagina
Pigs are frequently infected during the birth process or soon after
invades broken skin (often from littermates fighting)
signs/symptoms of exudative epidermis (greasy pig)
listlessness
anorexia
brownish spots on face, head or, feet
moist/greasy feel to skin
bad smell
toxins damage liver and kidneys
treatment for exudative epidermis (greasy pig)
infected pigs need to be isolated immediately
injectable antimicrobials
spray with diluted bleach
provide electrolytes
exudative epidermis (greasy pig) prevention
practice high standards of sanitation
clean, dry pens
skin condition caused by a range of species of dermatophyllic fungi
zoonotic pathogen
ringworm
does ringworm always present in ring shape
no, this is why it is often overlooked
T/F most species of ringworm are able to jumping species and producing disease including humans
true
characteristics of ringworm
fungie form spores that may live 18mo or longer in environment
all forms including pigs
small, reddish brown lesions that spread circularly
thin, loose crust
found behind ears, flank and back
treatment for ringworm
wash pig with fungicide
