exam 3: nutrition principles (minerals) Flashcards
which livestock species is most likely to be mineral deficient and why
pigs
–reproduce at younger age
–indoor rearing, limited access to soil
–inability to coprophagy
–skeleton is required to support more weight in proportion to size
–fed cereal grain which are low in minerals
what are the two classifications of minerals
macrominerals
microminerals (or trace minerals)
Macrominerals need to be supplied in _______ amounts in swine diets.
larger
what are the typical macrominerals added to swine diets
calcium
phosphorus
sodium
chloride
** grains used in swine diets provide magnesium and potassium in sufficient quantities, so normally no other sources are added
the minerals that are essential in skeletal structure development, skeletal maintenance, lean tissue deposition, muscle contraction, and other physiological functions
calcium and phosphorus
an animal has impaired bone mineralization, reduced bone strength, and decreased growth, rickets/osteoporosis
What mineral are they deficient in
calcium and phosphorus
common sources of calcium and phosphorus
ground limestone
dicalcium phosphate
oyster shells
minerals involved in nutrient absorption, electrolyte balance, regulation of pH
sodium and chloride
Requirements of sodium and chloride are greater for ______________________ pigs and abruptly decreases for _________________
recently weaned
finishing pigs/sows
diets deficient in sodium and chloride result in __________________ because of reduced feed intake and poor feed efficiency
deceased growth performance
T/F diets with high levels of salt are generally well tolerated if drinking water is available
true
what kind of salt is used in pig diets
white salt
influences palatability
no salt= not palatable
too much= salt toxicity
microminerals need to be supplied in __________ amounts in swine diets
smaller
trace minerals are normally added to diets in the form of
trace mineral premix
what are the typical trace minerals included in a premix for swine
zinc
copper
iron
manganese
iodine
selenium
this mineral is an important component of many enzymes, metabolism of carbs/proteins/ and lipids
zinc
an animal has parakeratosis( lesions on skin), slow growth rates, and impaired reproductive performance
what mineral is the animal deficient in
zinc
immediately after weaning high levels of __________ may be feed to pigs to help with performance
zinc oxide OR copper sulfate
**one or the other; together they cancel
this mineral is an important component of many enzymes and participates in iron absorption, as well as synthesis of hemoglobin
copper
an animal is anemic and has a low growth rate
what is the animal deficient in
copper
this mineral is an important component of many enzymes, essential for the synthesis of hemoglobin
iron
an animal is anemic, has low growth rates, lethargic, pale, and has a rough hair coat
what is the animal deficient in
iron
what feed may help limit the amount of iron needed to be supplemented in swine feed
blood meal
Compared to finishing pigs, which group of pigs needs more iron
gestating sows
does animal or plant protien have a higher content of iron
animal
this mineral is an important component of many enzymes and is involved in bone development
manganese
this mineral is an important component of many enzymes and is involved in bone development
manganese
an animal has impaired skeleton development, lameness, and low growth rates
what is this animal deficient in
manganese
this mineral is an important component of the thyroid hormone and is involved in the regulation of metabolic rate
iodine
an animal has goiter, lethargy, and a low growth rate
what is this animal deficient in
iodine
goiter
thyroid enlargement
Iodine deficiency
swollen jowl area like in humans
this mineral is an important component of enzymes, involved in antioxidant defense, and is closely related to vitamin E
selenium
an animal has white muscle disease, mulberry heart disease, and impaired reproduction
the animal may experience sudden death
what is this animal deficient in
selenium
what is white muscle disease
seen often in young pigs (only few days after birth)
hunched, arched back, cant really move
**can be reversed
what is mulberry heart disease
selenium and vitamin E are deficient over a long period of time
tissue necrosis of the heart
fluid build-up in the pericardial sac
white scar tissue on the heart
