Exam 2: Health and Disease ( Mycotoxicosis to Repro disease) Flashcards by kate terrill

xMycotoxicosis is the result of

the ingestion of grains or forages containing toxic metabolites produced by certain fungi

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fungi that produce toxins do so under what conditions

warm
moist
humid

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what are the three main functions affected by mycotoxicosis

metabolic
nutritional
endocrine

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what are some things that mycotoxicosis can cause

decreased ADG
decreased repro
liver damage
immunosuppression
predisposes pigs to secondary disease

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are older or younger pigs more susceptible to mycotoxicosis

younger

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what are the three levels of myctoxicosis

sub-acute: low levels, not very often (most common)

acute: some consuming, low levels

chronic: consuming over long period of time

idea behind Salem witch trials

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what is the treatment for mycotoxicosis

none; stop feed

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aflatoxicosis

mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus or Penicillium puberulum

fungi found growing on corn, wheat, peanuts, other ceral grains

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pigs with subacute aflatoxicosis can experinence

reduced feed intake
poor ADG
poor FE

acute aflatoxicosis is RARE

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hemorrhaging
fatty liver (can be condemed)

symptoms of acute aflatoxicosis in pigs can include

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ergotism is caused by

fungus Claviceps purpurea

found in grasses and several cereal grains, especially rye, oats and wheat

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inhibited mammary development
reduced litter size
reduced birth weights

symptoms of subacute ergotism in sows

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symptoms of acute ergotism in recently weaned and finishing pigs

reduced growth weights

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tissue necrosis of tail, hooves, ears
gangrenous sloughing of the extremities

symptoms of acute ergotism in pigs (general)

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zearlaenone (F-2)

produced by Fusarium graminearum

found in moldy corn, other grains and pelleted cereal feeds.

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zearlaenone (F-2) has an estrogenic effect that results in

mammary development in prepuberal gilts and swelling/enlargement of the vulva

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what are the two digestive diseases we discussed

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PEDV)
Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)

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general info on PEDV

a coronavirus that only occurs in swine

fairly new ~2013 in U.S

not as big as a concern bc of vaccine

closely resembles TGE

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transmission of PEDV

fecal-oral route
fomites

**found in feces

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what does PEDV do

virus attacks villi of enterocytes on the villi of the SI

in the SI it causes degeneration and necrosis of enterocytes, turning them cuboidal/flat instead of finger-like

failure of intestine to absorb fluid= diarrhea=deydration and depletion of electrolytes

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symptoms of PEDV

all ages: watery diarrhea

infected nursery pigs: die after 3-4 days due to dehydration

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prevention of PEDV

vaccine

expose preg sows to virus

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Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)

acute, rapidly spreading viral disease in swine of all ages, characterized by diarrhea and vomiting

a coronavirus

closely related to PEDV

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mortality related to TGE

high mortality: pigs less than 2 wks of age

mortality decreases as age increases

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what months are mycotoxicosis and TGE worse in

winter

transmission of TGE

fecal-oral route nasal route

what does TGE do

infect epithelia cells with destruction or loss of function patch atrophy of intestine villi of the jejunum and ileum lesions=malabsorbtion

TGE: the inability to breakdown lactose in dam's milk leads to an

the osmotic flow of fluids into the lumen, resulting in diarrhea and dehydration

symptoms of TGE

vomiting diarrhea dehydration slow growth shivering thirst **pigs tweaked and die with 1-2d **pigs infected after 4wks can survive

T/F TGE spreads rapidly to affect all susceptible pigs

true

treatment for TGE

wean nursing pigs electrolytes warm environment **infected barns= clean and keep pig free for weeks

prevention for TGE

vaccines are available and used to stimulate immunity in sows strong biosecurity

TGE: as age increases, mortality

decreases

swine influenza virus

H1N1 and H3N2 common respiratory disease in pigs (zoonotic) seasonal in nature and peaks in fall/winter

symptoms of swine flu

coughing nasal and eye discharge sneezing depression anorexia dyspnea (labored breathing) hyperthermia fever (105+)

high fevers resulting from swine flu can cause what in sows and boars

sows: delayed return to estrus abortions reduced viability of pigs at birth boars: reduced fertility

morbidity and mortality of swine flu

high morbidity low mortality

transmission of swine flu

contact with secretion aerosols

treatment for swine flu

comfortable environment treatment to decrease body temp (fever) **same as if you had the flu

prevention for swine flu

strong biosecurity vaccine available

what reproduction diseases did we discuss

lepto porcine parvo porcine repro and respiratory syndrome

leptosirosis

contagious disease in swine and other animals including humans usually introduced into a herd by shedding swine by direct or indirect contact with the incidental host or through contaminated water, soil or sewage

T/F Lepto CANNOT survive in water/damp soil

false; it can

penetrate mucous membranes, wounds, and abrasions then circulate through the body in pigs: it will localize in the kidney, oviduct, and uterus during the last half of gestational and genital tract of boars

what do leptospira do

do nonpregnant females and growing pigs with lepto go unnotices

yes

what are some symptoms that young pigs show if infected with Lepto

fever anorexia blood in urine

what are some symptoms that pregnant sows show if infected with Lepto

repro failure -- poor conception rates -- late term abortion --mummified or still born --weak piglets ***affected sows recover promptly and most conceive/carry their next litter to term

____,_____, and _____ should be vaccinated for lepto

gilts boars sows

prevention of Lepto

vaccinate control vectors

treatment for Lepto

antibiotics may reduce impact

repro failure in naive dams viral can live outside of pig for months resistant to most disinfectants ***NONPREGNANT= SHOW NO SYMPTOMS***

what does Porcine parvovirus (PPV) cause

TGE is killed by

iodine based cleaners sunlight

symptoms in pregnant sow @ less than 35days

death and reabsorbtion of embryo return to estrus small litter born (rare)

symptoms in pregnant sow @ 35-70days

fetus dies=mummified

symptoms in pregnant sow @ more than 70days

fetus may resist infection and survive

transmission of PPV

oral-nasal fecal-oral venereal (mechanical or AI; semen) **virus is shed in secretions/excretions from the animal for approx 2wks

prevention of PPV

vaccinate sows and boars several weeks before breeding

treatment for PPV

none

Porcine repro and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)

viral disease characterized by two overlapping clinical presentations: 1. repro impairment or failure of breeding animals 2. respiratory disease in pigs at any age

the most economically significant swine disease in the US

PRRS broke in US ~1997

PRRS virus can persist in ___________________ pigs

long-term carriers

sows infected with PRRS while pregnant may deliver _______________pigs

persistently infected

transmission of PRRS

nasal secretion saliva milk/colostrum semen urine feces **can jump from infected to other pigs, older pigs and their secretions can affect younger pigs, boars= semen

what two things act as vectors for PRRS

mosquito flies

T/F PRRS can cross the placenta in late gestation killing part or none of the fetuses

true

why are abortions a result of PRRS

the acute disease sows fever

prevention of PRRS

biosecurity limit frequency of seedstock introductions to sow herd purchase PRRS-free semen vaccines for some strains (farm depended)

treatment of PRRS

no treatment antibiotics for controlling secondary infections ***ONCE THEY GET PRRS, THEY ALWAYS HAVE IT***

symptoms of PRRS: breeding age gilts, sows and boars

repro problems are most obvious signs decrease in conceiving/ farrowing late term abortions still born/weak pigs mummified fetus anorexia fever depression respiratory distress vomiting cyanosis (blue) ears, abdomen, vulva

symptoms of PRRS: nursing pigs

dyspena thumping breathing high mortality

symptoms of PRRS: weaned and finishing pigs

fever depression lethargy stuntded growth sneezing fever dyspnea pneumonia **low mortality **$$ affected

what is known as F2

zearalenone

PEDV stands for

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

TGE stands for

Transmissible Gastroenteritis

PPV stands for

Porcine Parvovirus

PRRS stands for

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory syndrome