Exam 2: Health and Disease ( Mycotoxicosis to Repro disease) Flashcards
xMycotoxicosis is the result of
the ingestion of grains or forages containing toxic metabolites produced by certain fungi
fungi that produce toxins do so under what conditions
warm
moist
humid
what are the three main functions affected by mycotoxicosis
metabolic
nutritional
endocrine
what are some things that mycotoxicosis can cause
decreased ADG
decreased repro
liver damage
immunosuppression
predisposes pigs to secondary disease
are older or younger pigs more susceptible to mycotoxicosis
younger
what are the three levels of myctoxicosis
sub-acute: low levels, not very often (most common)
acute: some consuming, low levels
chronic: consuming over long period of time
idea behind Salem witch trials
what is the treatment for mycotoxicosis
none; stop feed
aflatoxicosis
mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus or Penicillium puberulum
fungi found growing on corn, wheat, peanuts, other ceral grains
pigs with subacute aflatoxicosis can experinence
reduced feed intake
poor ADG
poor FE
acute aflatoxicosis is RARE
hemorrhaging
fatty liver (can be condemed)
symptoms of acute aflatoxicosis in pigs can include
ergotism is caused by
fungus Claviceps purpurea
found in grasses and several cereal grains, especially rye, oats and wheat
inhibited mammary development
reduced litter size
reduced birth weights
symptoms of subacute ergotism in sows
symptoms of acute ergotism in recently weaned and finishing pigs
reduced growth weights
tissue necrosis of tail, hooves, ears
gangrenous sloughing of the extremities
symptoms of acute ergotism in pigs (general)
zearlaenone (F-2)
produced by Fusarium graminearum
found in moldy corn, other grains and pelleted cereal feeds.
zearlaenone (F-2) has an estrogenic effect that results in
mammary development in prepuberal gilts and swelling/enlargement of the vulva
what are the two digestive diseases we discussed
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PEDV)
Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)
general info on PEDV
a coronavirus that only occurs in swine
fairly new ~2013 in U.S
not as big as a concern bc of vaccine
closely resembles TGE
transmission of PEDV
fecal-oral route
fomites
**found in feces
what does PEDV do
virus attacks villi of enterocytes on the villi of the SI
in the SI it causes degeneration and necrosis of enterocytes, turning them cuboidal/flat instead of finger-like
failure of intestine to absorb fluid= diarrhea=deydration and depletion of electrolytes
symptoms of PEDV
all ages: watery diarrhea
infected nursery pigs: die after 3-4 days due to dehydration
prevention of PEDV
vaccine
expose preg sows to virus
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)
acute, rapidly spreading viral disease in swine of all ages, characterized by diarrhea and vomiting
a coronavirus
closely related to PEDV
mortality related to TGE
high mortality: pigs less than 2 wks of age
mortality decreases as age increases
what months are mycotoxicosis and TGE worse in
winter
transmission of TGE
fecal-oral route
nasal route
what does TGE do
infect epithelia cells with destruction or loss of function
patch atrophy of intestine villi of the jejunum and ileum
lesions=malabsorbtion
TGE: the inability to breakdown lactose in dam’s milk leads to an
the osmotic flow of fluids into the lumen, resulting in diarrhea and dehydration
symptoms of TGE
vomiting
diarrhea
dehydration
slow growth
shivering
thirst
**pigs tweaked and die with 1-2d
**pigs infected after 4wks can survive
T/F TGE spreads rapidly to affect all susceptible pigs
true
treatment for TGE
wean nursing pigs
electrolytes
warm environment
**infected barns= clean and keep pig free for weeks
prevention for TGE
vaccines are available and used to stimulate immunity in sows
strong biosecurity
TGE: as age increases, mortality
decreases
swine influenza virus
H1N1 and H3N2
common respiratory disease in pigs (zoonotic)
seasonal in nature and peaks in fall/winter
symptoms of swine flu
coughing
nasal and eye discharge
sneezing
depression
anorexia
dyspnea (labored breathing)
hyperthermia
fever (105+)
high fevers resulting from swine flu can cause what in sows and boars
sows: delayed return to estrus
abortions
reduced viability of pigs at birth
boars: reduced fertility
morbidity and mortality of swine flu
high morbidity
low mortality
transmission of swine flu
contact with secretion
aerosols
treatment for swine flu
comfortable environment
treatment to decrease body temp (fever)
**same as if you had the flu
prevention for swine flu
strong biosecurity
vaccine available
what reproduction diseases did we discuss
lepto
porcine parvo
porcine repro and respiratory syndrome
leptosirosis
contagious disease in swine and other animals including humans
usually introduced into a herd by shedding swine by direct or indirect contact with the incidental host or through contaminated water, soil or sewage
T/F Lepto CANNOT survive in water/damp soil
false; it can
penetrate mucous membranes, wounds, and abrasions then circulate through the body
in pigs: it will localize in the kidney, oviduct, and uterus during the last half of gestational and genital tract of boars
what do leptospira do
do nonpregnant females and growing pigs with lepto go unnotices
yes
what are some symptoms that young pigs show if infected with Lepto
fever
anorexia
blood in urine
what are some symptoms that pregnant sows show if infected with Lepto
repro failure
– poor conception rates
– late term abortion
–mummified or still born
–weak piglets
***affected sows recover promptly and most conceive/carry their next litter to term
____,_____, and _____ should be vaccinated for lepto
gilts
boars
sows
prevention of Lepto
vaccinate
control vectors
treatment for Lepto
antibiotics may reduce impact
repro failure in naive dams
viral
can live outside of pig for months
resistant to most disinfectants
NONPREGNANT= SHOW NO SYMPTOMS
what does Porcine parvovirus (PPV) cause
TGE is killed by
iodine based cleaners
sunlight
symptoms in pregnant sow @ less than 35days
death and reabsorbtion of embryo
return to estrus
small litter born (rare)
symptoms in pregnant sow @ 35-70days
fetus dies=mummified
symptoms in pregnant sow @ more than 70days
fetus may resist infection and survive
transmission of PPV
oral-nasal
fecal-oral
venereal (mechanical or AI; semen)
**virus is shed in secretions/excretions from the animal for approx 2wks
prevention of PPV
vaccinate sows and boars several weeks before breeding
treatment for PPV
none
Porcine repro and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
viral disease characterized by two overlapping clinical presentations:
1. repro impairment or failure of breeding animals
2. respiratory disease in pigs at any age
the most economically significant swine disease in the US
PRRS
broke in US ~1997
PRRS virus can persist in ___________________ pigs
long-term carriers
sows infected with PRRS while pregnant may deliver _______________pigs
persistently infected
transmission of PRRS
nasal secretion
saliva
milk/colostrum
semen
urine
feces
**can jump from infected to other pigs, older pigs and their secretions can affect younger pigs, boars= semen
what two things act as vectors for PRRS
mosquito
flies
T/F PRRS can cross the placenta in late gestation killing part or none of the fetuses
true
why are abortions a result of PRRS
the acute disease
sows fever
prevention of PRRS
biosecurity
limit frequency of seedstock introductions to sow herd
purchase PRRS-free semen
vaccines for some strains (farm depended)
treatment of PRRS
no treatment
antibiotics for controlling secondary infections
ONCE THEY GET PRRS, THEY ALWAYS HAVE IT
symptoms of PRRS: breeding age gilts, sows and boars
repro problems are most obvious signs
decrease in conceiving/ farrowing
late term abortions
still born/weak pigs
mummified fetus
anorexia
fever
depression
respiratory distress
vomiting
cyanosis (blue) ears, abdomen, vulva
symptoms of PRRS: nursing pigs
dyspena
thumping breathing
high mortality
symptoms of PRRS: weaned and finishing pigs
fever
depression
lethargy
stuntded growth
sneezing
fever
dyspnea
pneumonia
**low mortality
**$$ affected
what is known as F2
zearalenone
PEDV stands for
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea
TGE stands for
Transmissible Gastroenteritis
PPV stands for
Porcine Parvovirus
PRRS stands for
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory syndrome
