EXAM 1: biosecurity Flashcards
biosecurity of pigs at the farm
set of practical measures taken to prevent entrance of infection into a pig farm and control the spread of infection within the farm
goal of biosecurity
Keep out pathogens that the herd hasn’t been exposed to
minimize impact of endemic pathogens
Biosecurity differs on
farm location
disease status
type of pig raised
employees
barn sanitation
rodent control
worker/visitor entry policy
what 3 sets of actions/overlapping components make up biosecurity
bio-exclusion
bio-containment
bio-management
bio-containment
preventing the spread of disease agents to neighbors or long distance transfer
bio-exclusion
preventing the introduction of unwanted disease agents into the farm or system
AIAO
shower in, shower out
isolation for ~30d
bio-management
a combined effort to control economically important infectious diseases that are already present in the farm population
minimal clinical disease status
what section of biosecurity is most often forgotten about
bio-containment
need for biosecurity
improves repro
optimal growth
improved profitability
One of the main factors that increase the risk of a herd acquiring a new disease is often the _________ of the farm to other pigs
proximity
factors influencing risk of a breakdown in biosecurity due to the location of the farm includes
pig farms nearby
local pig density
other possible sources of contamination
terrain
climate
roads
other livestock
pig farms near by need to be at least _______ from other swine to minimize the risk of infection by aerosol/natural routes of transmission
2 miles
local pig density definition
the average number of pigs per 0.4 sq mile within 3 mile radius of the farm
Local pig density criteria that are considered low risk
less than 100 pigs per 0.4 sq miles
Other possible sources of contamination include
slaughter facility
rubbish dump
manner of how the facility is managed
drainage
biosecurity procedures
ideal terrain
hilly
protected from winds
=lower level of aerosol risk
climate conditions and disease transmission
cold and humid= more favorable disease transmission
hot and dry= less desirable per disease
viruses like cold, wet, humid, dark
what kind of road is a contamination risk
high density of vehicles transporting less than 55 yards from the herd
potential problems with other livestock
Presence of cattle, sheep, or poultry less than 110 yards from swine facility can be a problem
pigs can contract _____ and ______ diseases; and parasitic and fungal conditions
viral
bacterial
how do swine diseases spread
through diseased swine/unaffected carriers/ healthy swine incubating
disease
new replacements
purchased semen
other farm animals/pest/wild animals
clothing of visitors/employees
employee/visitor who had direct contact with pig
dead animal carcass
contaminated feed/water/bedding
transmission routes that pigs may be susceptible to
direct transmission
indirect transmission
vector-borne transmission
direct transmission
most common transmission route
aerosal, fecal, venereal transmission
indirect transmission
transfer of disease to pigs by exposure of infected objects
dirty objects (fomites)
examples: scale, feeder, trailer, clothing(ringworm)
vector-borne transmission
transfer of disease to a pig by another animal or organism
cat, fly, human, bird, rat etc.
guidelines to buying replacement gilts and boars
know disease status or recipient and source herds
consider the location and health history of source herd
select replacements from single source that has documented genetic improvement and sound disease control
single source, isolate new stock (30-60d)
alternative to purchasing replacement animals is to utilize a ____________ policy
closed herd policy
____________ is the easiest method to bring new genes into a sow herd
AI
possible problem with boar semen
pathogens
PRRS
porcine circovirus
steps to cleaning/disinfecting barns
- remove
- detergent
- clean
- dry
- disinfect
what is involved in the remove step
remove organic matter (bedding, feed residue)
remove movable items (feeders,drinkers)
what is involved in the detergent step
soak all surfaces with water and apply detergent (soap) under low pressure
soak for at least 30 min
what is involved in the clean step
pressure wash with hot (158) clean water
what is involved in the dry step
allow 5-7 days to dry to reduce bacteria load 10 fold
**often skipped
what is involved in the disinfecting step
apply disinfectant at low pressure
farm,barn dependent
examples: bleach, hydrogen peroxide, ethanol
water biosecurity
chlorinate if in doubt
check source/cleanliness
feed biosecurity
trucks should unload without contact with pigs
driver=greatest risk of disease spread
clean spilled feed
check for mold
bedding biosecurity
check for bird/rodent contamination
biosecurity: workflow
start with youngest pig and work to the oldest
wash hands after changing activities
change out contaminated clothing
boot bath between rooms
biosecurity: dead pigs
must be disposed in a way that does not attract wild animals, insects, birds
clean and disinfect areas where bodily fluids were excreted
ways to dispose of dead pig
-composition
-incineration
- burial
-rendering
burial of dead pig
dig burial pit
removes dead pigs from public view, prevents odor and flied
can collect rain water and pollutants can get into soil and ground water
rendering of dead pig
converts dead animals into useful biosecurity
collection area needs to be away from farm
rendering trucks are a serious biosecurity risk
**not commonly used
compositing of a dead pig
generates minimal odor, fly, or scavenger problems
removes pig from public view
low potential of pollution
produces products that can improve soil
incineration of dead pig
reduce carcass to ash
biosecure
large capital cost and fuel requirements
what issues can rodents cause
Mice and rats can carry lots of diseases
droppings, feet, urine, saliva, or blood
large rodent population= large feed wastage
what issues can predators/scavengers cause
Wild dogs, foxes, and coyotes carry disease agents
What issues can feral pigs cause
feral pigs are free-roaming animals not help under domestic management
highly mobile disease reservoirs
one of the greatest risk to domesticate swine
what issues can birds cause
can cause damage and unsanitary working conditions
Consume and contaminate feed
transmit diseases
what issues can parasites cause
internal and external
ex: fly and mosquito
what issues can dogs and cats cause
dogs= lepto but often most risk is that they travel farm to farm
cats= toxoplasma gondii which pigs can contract
low risk visitor guidelines
number of visits a day: no other farm contact
protective clothing: wears sanitized boots, clean overalls
animal ownership:does not own/care for livestock
contact with animals: no animal contact
foreign travel: does not travel outside of the US
medium risk visitor guidelines
number of visits a day: one or sometimes more farm visits per day
protective clothing: wear sanitized boots. If clean, may not change overalls
animal ownership: owns/cares for different species of animals
contact with animals: minimal or no direct contact
foreign travel: limited travel outside the US, no animal contact
high risk visitor guidelines
number of visits a day: routine visits to many barns
protective clothing: does not wear clean or protective clothing
animal ownership: owns/cares for swine
contact with animals: regular direct contact with swine
foreign travel: travel to foreign countries with animal contact
