EXAM1: history of swine Flashcards
how many swine are in breeding stock
6.15 million
how many swine are market hogs
67 million
what does breeding stock consist of
sows
gilts
some boars
what are market hogs
those that go to slaughter
why did pig population decrease around 2013-2014
PEDV
(severe diarrhea disease that affected newborns= death)
what is the number 1 top swine producing state
iowa
what are the top 5 swine producing states
- iowa
- minnesota
- north carolina
- Illinois
- indiana
what ingredients are involved in swine diets
- corn
- soybean meal
corn provides hogs with _______
energy
soybean meal provides hogs with _________
protien
why is Iowa the top hog producing state
they are the top producers for corn and soybean making it more profitable/convenient
pork ranks ________ in U.S. consumption behind chicken and beef
third
T/F worldwide pork is the most consumed meat
true
what type of pork is the most consumed at HOME
ham
what type of pork is consume at RESTAURANTS
bacon
world per captia pork consumption is highest in what country
China (135 pounds/person)
top 5 world per captia pork consumption countries are:
- china
- belarus
- european union
- south korea
- vietnam
where does the U.S rank in terms of world per captia pork consumption
8th (~51 pounds/person)
what is the top pork producing country
china (37.58% of world)
what are the top pork producing countries
- china
- european union
- united states
- brazil
- russia
pork prices follow a _______ pattern
seasonal
breeding performance is better in
cooler months (fall and winter)
more hogs reach market weight in
fall and winter
when in market highest
summer (june, july, august)
when is production lowest
summer (june, july, august)
when market is high, production is
LOW
when is market low
winter (october, november, december)
when market is low, production is
HIGH
top export markets include
china
japan
mexico
canada
south korea
what kind of pork does Japan prefer
high quality (berkshire)
what kind of meat does mexico normally recieve
ground pork
numbers/goals that producers are trying to reach are called
industry benchmarks
how many litters does a sow have a year
around 2
total born vs. number born alive
14 vs. 13
number of piglets weaned
11
average weaning weight
14 lbs
average weaning age
22 days
how long is a pigs gestation
114d (3m,3w,3d)
finisher hogs are also called
market hogs
average daily gain of finisher productivity
1.86
conventional finisher productivity houses pigs that are:
vaccinated
sufficient
just eating to gain weight
average finishing weight of market hogs
282lbs
nursery farm is what age of pigs
recently weaned to 60 days old
finishing weight at nursery farms
51 lbs
average daily gain of nursery pigs
.82
what do pigs learn to do in the nursery
social skills
vaccinated
how to act without mom
todays market pig live weight and carcass weight is around
live: 282
carcass: 211
most market hogs are what color, why?
white
hair comes of easier
genus of pigs
sus
family classification for swine
suidae
what did some of the first pigs eat
acorns
roots
forages
dead animals
pigs have been around for about
40 million years
where were pigs first domesticated
southeast asia
8500BC
significance of the Roman empire to swine
spread pigs around europe, asia, africa
war pigs
early pig keepers were seen as ________
unclean; flies/odor/ forbidden in temples
***idea of why Hebrew/Muslim banned pork
significance of Columbus to pigs
1st to bring pigs to “americas”
proved hogs could handle our temperatures
father of american pork industry
Hernando de Soto
significance of Cortez to swine
1st to bring pigs to north america mainland
significance of Soto
1st pigs to U.S
13 head to 700 head
use pigs as way to trade with native americans
significance of Sir Walter Raleigh to swine
brought pigs to Jamestown (1807)
hog-ringer
placed ring in nose of swine like in cattle; prevented rooting
manhattan island wall that kept pigs corralled is now called
wall street
first packing plant in colonial America is/was in
Springfield, MA
–sent salt to west indies
– in return we got rum and sugar to colonies
Swine flourished in early America as a result from
- suitability of native maize or indian corn as swine food
- ease with which pork could be stored prior to refrigeration
- need for fat and high energy food for laborers engaged in developing the new frontier
by 1880 ________ became the leading pork producer
IOWA
_______________ became the earliest and largest pork-packing center in the U.S
Cincinnati
referred to as “Porkopolis” in 1850s
Cincinnati
refridgerated railcars allowed for pigs to be raised _________
closer to where grains were being grown instead of closer to shipping location
America’s Hog butcher
Chicago
Between 1865-1907 the Union Stockyards in Chicago received _________________ hogs
241 million hogs; 6 million hogs a year
what centralized terminal marketing for hogs
world war 2
swine breeds were traditionally classified as two types:
- lard
- bacon
lard breeds description
also called cob rollers
developed to be early maturing with a thick fat cover
known for lacking prolifacy
ex. hamp or berk
bacon breeds description
long, lean and muscular hogs
fed dairy byproducts, grains, legumes, turnips
slower to grow
ex. yorkshire or tamworth
why was the need for lard so strong during WW2
it was used in manufacturing explosives (Nitroglycerine)
due to the demand of lard for those in the war, it lead those at home to use _________
vegetable oils
- they were marketed as healthy leading to the lard market to tank
this product was developed in 1937 and was fed to allied troops
SPAM
1980/1990s demanded a ________ pig, causing the swine industry to find ways to increase ________ of pork
leaner
leanness
purpose of the slogan “pork the other white meat”
encouraged consumers to look at pok like chicken, a healthy white meat
why were “exotic breeds” like the Pietrain important into the U.S
increase leanness in commercial lines
in 1980/1990 how did the swine market change
-sold on carcass merit or fat-free lean grid
-moved indoors to confinement barns
what is the swine market/product like 2000s-today
raised indoors (animal activist groups)
increased meat quality
decreased imput cost
control on disease spread (African swine fever)
environmental stewards
