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NMSK > Neurological Exam Dogs > Flashcards

Neurological Exam Dogs Flashcards

1
Q

What is stuporous

A

State of unconsciousness with reduced responses to external stimuli but can be roused by a painful stimuli

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2
Q

What is confused and disorientated

A

Responding to environmental stimuli in an inappropriate manner

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3
Q

What is depressed

A

Drowsiness, inattention and less responsive to environmental stimulu

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4
Q

What is comatose

A

State of unconsciousness with absemce of reponse to any environmental stimuli including pain

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5
Q

If any animal is circling, how can you tell what side of brain is affected

A

They will most likely be circling towards the side of the lesion

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6
Q

How can you distinguish between a vestibular vs forebrain lesion

A

Head tilt- vestibular
Head turn- forebrain

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7
Q

What is ptosis

A

Dropping of upper eye lid.

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8
Q

What are the three main signs of horners syndrome

A

Ptosis
Meiosis
Enophthalmus

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9
Q

What is the main identification for horners syndrome in the cow

A

Ipsilateral dry nose

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10
Q

What regions of the brain does the menace response test

A

Conscious visual pathways

Contralateral visual cortex

Contralateral motor cortex

Ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere

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11
Q

What is the visual pathway

A

Retina
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Primary visual areas of the occipital lobe

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12
Q

What is the pathway for the menace reponse

A

Optic nerve
Visual cortex
Motor cortex
Cerebellum
Facial nerve

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13
Q

How can you test lacrimal function and why

A

Use schmear tear test
For parasympathetic part of CN 7

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14
Q

What does the PLR test

A

Afferent; trigeminal And optic

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15
Q

What does the menace test test

A

Afferent; optic
Efferent; facial

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16
Q

What does the palpebral test test

A

Afferent; trigeminal
Efferent; facial

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17
Q

Why would you do a trunk examination

A

To identify focal points of pain

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18
Q

How can the panniculus response be stimulated

A

a gentle pinch to the skin resulting in a twitch of the cutaneous trunci muscle.

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19
Q

What are the four things you need to assess with limbs

A

Proprioception

Sensation

Segmental reflexes

Muscle mass and tone

20
Q

What are the 6 different components of the proprioception exam

A

Knuckling
Hopping
Hemiwalking
Tactile placing
Paper slide
Extensor postural thrust

21
Q

What is knuckling

A

If a weight bearing/pain free paw is placed with the dorsum on the ground then there should be a rapid return to normal positioning.

22
Q

What is hopping

A

The dog is hopped sideways.

Once the limb goes outside the line of the body there should be a rapid and accurate sideways repositioning of the limb.

23
Q

What is hemiwalking

A

The dog is hopped sideways on both fore- and hindlimbs.

This test is more dificult for the dog and may demonstrate more clearly subtle changes on single limb hopping.

24
Q

What is tactile placing

A

The dog is brought up to the edge of a table whilst blindfolded.

When the limbs tounch the table they should be accurately placed onto the table.

25
Q

What is paper sliding

A

The dogs limb is placed on a piece of paper which is then pulled laterally.

If a weight bearing/pain free paw is moved outside the body the limb should be rapidly and accurately returned to a normal position.

26
Q

What is the extensor postural thrust

A

The dog is lifted off the ground and replaced on the table.

As the hindlimbs touch the table there should be a relfex extension of the hindlimbs which will also precipitate the dog to step backwards

27
Q

What is the extensor carpus radial us reflex

A

Percuss the muscle belly of the ECR muscle.

Reflex extension of the carpus

28
Q

How would you reflex for a biceps

A

Percuss a finger/thumb which is pressing onto the tendon of insertion of the biceps muscle.

Reflex contraction of the biceps muscle generating:
reflex flexion of elbow - not always seen

increased tension in tendon of insertion - felt with finger/thumb

movement of skin over muscle belly/visible contraction

29
Q

How would you test reflex for triceps

A

Percuss a finger/thumb which is pressing onto the tendon of insertion of the triceps muscle

Reflex contraction of the triceps muscle generating:
reflex extension of elbow - not always seen

increased tension in tendon of insertion - felt with finger/thumb

movement of skin over muscle belly/visible contraction

30
Q

How would you do patella reflex

A

Percuss the straight patellar tendon.

Reflex extension of the stifle.

31
Q

How would you test reflex of cranial tibial muscle

A

Percuss the muscle belly of the cranial tibial muscle.

Reflex flexion of the hock.

32
Q

Which receptor organ is used to initiate a myotatic reflex

A

Muscle spindle

33
Q

How would you perform cranial tibial reflex

A

Percuss the muscle belly of the cranial tibial muscle.

Reflex flexion of the hock.

34
Q

What are the signs of an UMR problem

A

Slow muscle atrophy
High tone
Increased/ normal reflexes

35
Q

What are some signs of a LMN problem

A

Rapid muscle atrophy
Reduced reflexes
Less tone

36
Q

What should stimulation of the perineal area cause

A

“winking” or constriction of the anal sphincter

37
Q

How can you tell that the lesion is UMN

A

High tone
Slow muscle atrophy
Increased/ normal reflexes

38
Q

How can you tell the lesion is LMN

A

Low tone
Decreased normal reflexes
Fast muscle atrophy

39
Q

What is the peripheral vestibular system comprised of

A

comprises three semicircular canals, the utricle and saccule in each inner ear, and the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve [CN] VIII

40
Q

What is the central vestibular system

A

eight vestibular nuclei in the brainstem , and the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

41
Q

Which way does head tilt in peripheral vestibular problem

A

Towards side of lesion

42
Q

When would you get a paradoxical head tilt

A

The most common exception to this is a lesion affecting the cerebellum (cerebellar peduncle or flocculonodular lobe), which causes central vestibular signs with head tilt contralateral to the lesion

43
Q

What is a nystagmus

A

A rhythmical, repetitive and involuntary movement of the eyes
If head is still eyes should be still, if you move head side to side eyes should move

44
Q

How can you use a nystagmus to help you locate a lesion

A

There’s a fast and slow phase
Slow phase towards the direction of the lesion

45
Q

How do you know if you have a peripheral vestibular problem

A

Head tilt
Nystagmus
Asymmetric ataxia
Circling

46
Q

Where does a vestibular problem take place

A

In vestibulum, which is the organ of balance

47
Q

What are the signs of a central vestibular problem

A

Proprioceptive ataxia

NMSK (47 decks)

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