Neurological Exam Dogs Flashcards by Katie Connew

What is stuporous

State of unconsciousness with reduced responses to external stimuli but can be roused by a painful stimuli

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What is confused and disorientated

Responding to environmental stimuli in an inappropriate manner

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What is depressed

Drowsiness, inattention and less responsive to environmental stimulu

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What is comatose

State of unconsciousness with absemce of reponse to any environmental stimuli including pain

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If any animal is circling, how can you tell what side of brain is affected

They will most likely be circling towards the side of the lesion

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How can you distinguish between a vestibular vs forebrain lesion

Head tilt- vestibular
Head turn- forebrain

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What is ptosis

Dropping of upper eye lid.

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What are the three main signs of horners syndrome

Ptosis
Meiosis
Enophthalmus

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What is the main identification for horners syndrome in the cow

Ipsilateral dry nose

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What regions of the brain does the menace response test

Conscious visual pathways

Contralateral visual cortex

Contralateral motor cortex

Ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere

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What is the visual pathway

Retina
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Primary visual areas of the occipital lobe

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What is the pathway for the menace reponse

Optic nerve
Visual cortex
Motor cortex
Cerebellum
Facial nerve

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How can you test lacrimal function and why

Use schmear tear test
For parasympathetic part of CN 7

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What does the PLR test

Afferent; trigeminal And optic

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What does the menace test test

Afferent; optic
Efferent; facial

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What does the palpebral test test

Afferent; trigeminal
Efferent; facial

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Why would you do a trunk examination

To identify focal points of pain

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How can the panniculus response be stimulated

a gentle pinch to the skin resulting in a twitch of the cutaneous trunci muscle.

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What are the four things you need to assess with limbs

Proprioception

Sensation

Segmental reflexes

Muscle mass and tone

What are the 6 different components of the proprioception exam

Knuckling
Hopping
Hemiwalking
Tactile placing
Paper slide
Extensor postural thrust

What is knuckling

If a weight bearing/pain free paw is placed with the dorsum on the ground then there should be a rapid return to normal positioning.

What is hopping

The dog is hopped sideways.

Once the limb goes outside the line of the body there should be a rapid and accurate sideways repositioning of the limb.

What is hemiwalking

The dog is hopped sideways on both fore- and hindlimbs.

This test is more dificult for the dog and may demonstrate more clearly subtle changes on single limb hopping.

What is tactile placing

The dog is brought up to the edge of a table whilst blindfolded.

When the limbs tounch the table they should be accurately placed onto the table.

What is paper sliding

The dogs limb is placed on a piece of paper which is then pulled laterally. If a weight bearing/pain free paw is moved outside the body the limb should be rapidly and accurately returned to a normal position.

What is the extensor postural thrust

The dog is lifted off the ground and replaced on the table. As the hindlimbs touch the table there should be a relfex extension of the hindlimbs which will also precipitate the dog to step backwards

What is the extensor carpus radial us reflex

Percuss the muscle belly of the ECR muscle. Reflex extension of the carpus

How would you reflex for a biceps

Percuss a finger/thumb which is pressing onto the tendon of insertion of the biceps muscle. Reflex contraction of the biceps muscle generating: reflex flexion of elbow - not always seen increased tension in tendon of insertion - felt with finger/thumb movement of skin over muscle belly/visible contraction

How would you test reflex for triceps

Percuss a finger/thumb which is pressing onto the tendon of insertion of the triceps muscle Reflex contraction of the triceps muscle generating: reflex extension of elbow - not always seen increased tension in tendon of insertion - felt with finger/thumb movement of skin over muscle belly/visible contraction

How would you do patella reflex

Percuss the straight patellar tendon. Reflex extension of the stifle.

How would you test reflex of cranial tibial muscle

Percuss the muscle belly of the cranial tibial muscle. Reflex flexion of the hock.

Which receptor organ is used to initiate a myotatic reflex

Muscle spindle

How would you perform cranial tibial reflex

Percuss the muscle belly of the cranial tibial muscle. Reflex flexion of the hock.

What are the signs of an UMR problem

Slow muscle atrophy High tone Increased/ normal reflexes

What are some signs of a LMN problem

Rapid muscle atrophy Reduced reflexes Less tone

What should stimulation of the perineal area cause

"winking" or constriction of the anal sphincter

How can you tell that the lesion is UMN

High tone Slow muscle atrophy Increased/ normal reflexes

How can you tell the lesion is LMN

Low tone Decreased normal reflexes Fast muscle atrophy

What is the peripheral vestibular system comprised of

comprises three semicircular canals, the utricle and saccule in each inner ear, and the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve [CN] VIII

What is the central vestibular system

eight vestibular nuclei in the brainstem , and the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

Which way does head tilt in peripheral vestibular problem

Towards side of lesion

When would you get a paradoxical head tilt

The most common exception to this is a lesion affecting the cerebellum (cerebellar peduncle or flocculonodular lobe), which causes central vestibular signs with head tilt contralateral to the lesion

What is a nystagmus

A rhythmical, repetitive and involuntary movement of the eyes If head is still eyes should be still, if you move head side to side eyes should move

How can you use a nystagmus to help you locate a lesion

There’s a fast and slow phase Slow phase towards the direction of the lesion

How do you know if you have a peripheral vestibular problem

Head tilt Nystagmus Asymmetric ataxia Circling

Where does a vestibular problem take place

In vestibulum, which is the organ of balance

What are the signs of a central vestibular problem

Proprioceptive ataxia