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NMSK > Inflammation > Flashcards

Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A

An innate immune reaction that ensures immune cells and other substances are brought to the infected area

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2
Q

What does inflammation allow to happen:

A
  • destroying or inactivating foreign objects (pathogens)
  • injured tissues or cell remnants may be removed
  • favourable conditions for healing are provided
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3
Q

What are the causes of inflammation?

A

Heat
Injection
Chemical
Mechanical (injury)

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4
Q

What are some outcomes from inflammation/

A

Asthma
Allergies
Obesity
Oestoarthritie
Autoimmune diseases

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5
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

Normal response to most injuries
Lasts a few days
Then returns to normal rate
Repair of damage tissues or stimuli solves issue

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6
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Starts as normal response
Wound doesn’t heal bewcyse of foreign body or continuing injection
Weeks, months, years

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7
Q

What are some signs of inflammation?

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Lack of function

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8
Q

What is the first cell attracted by cytokines during inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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9
Q

What cytokines do epithelial cells produce during infection

A

IL1B
TNFA
IL6

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10
Q

What does IL1B do?

A

Activates vascular endothelium
Local tissue destruction
Stimulates IL6

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11
Q

What does TNFA do

A

Activates vascular endothelium
Helps fluid drainage to lymph

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12
Q

What does IL6 do?

A

Lymphocyte activation
Increased antibody production

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13
Q

What cytokines for neutrophils produce?

A

IL1B
TNFA
IL6
IL8

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14
Q

What does IL8 do?

A

Attracts neutrophils and T cells to the infection

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15
Q

What is the main role of prostaglandins produced by stimulated epithelium cells

A

Dilation of blood vessels

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16
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Mast cells are found in loose (areolar) connective tissue throughout the body, in virtually every organ. They play an important role in inducing the inflammatory cascade

17
Q

What does mast cell release

A

Histamine-
Proteoglicsns
Serine protease (digests specific protein bonds)

18
Q

What does histamine do to blood geeeles

A

Dilation of blood vessels (warmth/ redness)
Permeability of blood vessels (makes them leaky)
Activates endothelium

19
Q

What are clinical signs of histamine release

A

Bump and redness
Irritation of nerve endings—> itching and pain

20
Q

What do basophils have a role in

A

Anaphylactic shock

21
Q

What do blood vessels do near an area of inflammation

A

Express new receptors (selectin)
WBC has intergrin expressed
Acts as Velcro and sticks WBC to site near inflammation
WBC will travel through gaps to cells

22
Q

What are anti - inflammatory cytokines

A

Switch off the production and inhibits the effect of pro inflammatory cytokines

23
Q

What are some examples of anti- inflammatory cytokines

A

IL4
IL10

24
Q

What happens if inflammation not switch off

A

Granuloma formation

25
Q

What are the common reasons for joint/ cartilage inflammation

A

Abnormal force/ normal cartilage
Normal force/ abnormal cartilage

26
Q

What is oestosrthritie

A

Progressive detoriatiom articular cartilage associated with changes in bone and soft tissues of joint

27
Q

What happens to joint during osteoarthritis?

A

Shape change
Colour change
Active macrophages in synovial
Increase in osteoclasts in subchondrium bone

28
Q

What are osteophytes

A

Bits of new bone formed within the joint to try and stabilise it

29
Q

What are some signs of oestoarthiris?

A

Fibrillation
Wear lines
Erosion

30
Q

What do protinases do?

A

Part of bad osteoarthritis
Break down proteins like MMPs, collagen, proteoglycsm

31
Q

How do we diagnose oesteoarhris?

A

History and physical exam
Radiography and ultrasonography
Joint fluid analyst
MRI/ CT
Arthroscopy

32
Q

What are the main goals when treating osteoarthritis?

A

Block imflammatiry cascade and permit repair
Pain relief and long term management
Weight control and physical therapy

33
Q

What are the best anti inflammatory drugs

A

NSAIDs
Blocks cycloxygenase, which block inflammatory cascade
Given orally

Or;
May inject steroids into a joint

34
Q

What are some other medicines potentially used for treatment for oestheoarthiris

A

Hyaluronic acid
Pentosam polysulfste
Pemtosan polysulfate
IRAP —>grow tissue and stimulate interleukin 1 then give back to horse

35
Q

What is Librella

A

Monoclonal antibodies injected into dog monthly
Blocks nerve ending factors

Reduce canine OA pain
Limit the release of additional NGF and pro-inflammatory mediators
Lower neurogenic inflammation

NMSK (47 decks)

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