Inflammation Flashcards
What is inflammation?
An innate immune reaction that ensures immune cells and other substances are brought to the infected area
What does inflammation allow to happen:
- destroying or inactivating foreign objects (pathogens)
- injured tissues or cell remnants may be removed
- favourable conditions for healing are provided
What are the causes of inflammation?
Heat
Injection
Chemical
Mechanical (injury)
What are some outcomes from inflammation/
Asthma
Allergies
Obesity
Oestoarthritie
Autoimmune diseases
What is acute inflammation?
Normal response to most injuries
Lasts a few days
Then returns to normal rate
Repair of damage tissues or stimuli solves issue
What is chronic inflammation?
Starts as normal response
Wound doesn’t heal bewcyse of foreign body or continuing injection
Weeks, months, years
What are some signs of inflammation?
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Lack of function
What is the first cell attracted by cytokines during inflammation?
Neutrophils
What cytokines do epithelial cells produce during infection
IL1B
TNFA
IL6
What does IL1B do?
Activates vascular endothelium
Local tissue destruction
Stimulates IL6
What does TNFA do
Activates vascular endothelium
Helps fluid drainage to lymph
What does IL6 do?
Lymphocyte activation
Increased antibody production
What cytokines for neutrophils produce?
IL1B
TNFA
IL6
IL8
What does IL8 do?
Attracts neutrophils and T cells to the infection
What is the main role of prostaglandins produced by stimulated epithelium cells
Dilation of blood vessels
What are mast cells?
Mast cells are found in loose (areolar) connective tissue throughout the body, in virtually every organ. They play an important role in inducing the inflammatory cascade
What does mast cell release
Histamine-
Proteoglicsns
Serine protease (digests specific protein bonds)
What does histamine do to blood geeeles
Dilation of blood vessels (warmth/ redness)
Permeability of blood vessels (makes them leaky)
Activates endothelium
What are clinical signs of histamine release
Bump and redness
Irritation of nerve endings—> itching and pain
What do basophils have a role in
Anaphylactic shock
What do blood vessels do near an area of inflammation
Express new receptors (selectin)
WBC has intergrin expressed
Acts as Velcro and sticks WBC to site near inflammation
WBC will travel through gaps to cells
What are anti - inflammatory cytokines
Switch off the production and inhibits the effect of pro inflammatory cytokines
What are some examples of anti- inflammatory cytokines
IL4
IL10
What happens if inflammation not switch off
Granuloma formation
What are the common reasons for joint/ cartilage inflammation
Abnormal force/ normal cartilage
Normal force/ abnormal cartilage
What is oestosrthritie
Progressive detoriatiom articular cartilage associated with changes in bone and soft tissues of joint
What happens to joint during osteoarthritis?
Shape change
Colour change
Active macrophages in synovial
Increase in osteoclasts in subchondrium bone
What are osteophytes
Bits of new bone formed within the joint to try and stabilise it
What are some signs of oestoarthiris?
Fibrillation
Wear lines
Erosion
What do protinases do?
Part of bad osteoarthritis
Break down proteins like MMPs, collagen, proteoglycsm
How do we diagnose oesteoarhris?
History and physical exam
Radiography and ultrasonography
Joint fluid analyst
MRI/ CT
Arthroscopy
What are the main goals when treating osteoarthritis?
Block imflammatiry cascade and permit repair
Pain relief and long term management
Weight control and physical therapy
What are the best anti inflammatory drugs
NSAIDs
Blocks cycloxygenase, which block inflammatory cascade
Given orally
Or;
May inject steroids into a joint
What are some other medicines potentially used for treatment for oestheoarthiris
Hyaluronic acid
Pentosam polysulfste
Pemtosan polysulfate
IRAP —>grow tissue and stimulate interleukin 1 then give back to horse
What is Librella
Monoclonal antibodies injected into dog monthly
Blocks nerve ending factors
Reduce canine OA pain
Limit the release of additional NGF and pro-inflammatory mediators
Lower neurogenic inflammation
