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NMSK > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is histology

A

Looking at tissues

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2
Q

What do we use to look at cells and tissues?

A

Light microscope

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3
Q

What are the steps in preparing a sample?

A
  1. Tissue collection
  2. Fixation (10% formation) & trimming
  3. Dehydration, use a series of alcohols up to 100% concentration
  4. Paraffin embedding
  5. Sectioning with microtome (tend to curl up)
  6. Straighten sections on water bath
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4
Q

What measurements does microtome section it to?

A

3-4um

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5
Q

What are the two different counter stains most commonly used and what are their colours?

A

Haematoxylin —> blue
Eosin—> pink

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6
Q

What does haemolotoxin stain

A

Genetic material, so DNA and RNA

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7
Q

What does eosin stain?

A

Proteins

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8
Q

What is the epithelium?

A

The tissue that covers all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

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9
Q

What do all epithelium sit on?

A

Basement membrane

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10
Q

Does epithelium tissue contain blood vessels?

A

No

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11
Q

What are apical modifications/

A

When outer surface is specialised in one way

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12
Q

What is single epithelium

A

Every cell attached to basement memtsne

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13
Q

How can we classify epithelium?

A
  1. Morphology —> cell shape
  2. Function —> glandular vs non glandular
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14
Q

What are the four different types of simple epithelium

A
  1. Simple squamous —> single flat layer —> round blood vessels
  2. Simple cuboidal —> renal tubules
  3. Simple columnar —> tend to have apical modifications —> gall bladder
  4. Simple pseudostratified columnar—> nucleus at different levels so doesn’t really look like one layer —>trachea
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15
Q

What are endothelium?

A

Epithelium that line the blood vessels

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16
Q

What are stratified epithelium?

A

More than one cell layer

17
Q

What are the different examples of stratified epithelium?

A
  1. Stratified squamous —> older more mature cells move up the layer and become flat —> oesophogus
  2. Stratified cuboidal —> nipple
  3. Stratified columnar —> nipple
  4. Transitional epithelium —> can change shape to allow tissue to stretch —> urinary bladder
18
Q

What are some uses of simple cuboidal cells

A

Secretion/ absorption
In kidney, thyroid, ducts

19
Q

What are some uses of simple columnar epithelial cells?

A

Secretion/ absorption
Intestine, female reproductive tract

20
Q

What is the function of simple pseufodtratified epithelial cells

A

Secretion/ movement of particles along tubular organs
Trachea, bronchi etc.

21
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium used

A

Most common
Protects underlying tissues
Covers most external body parts

22
Q

What is the difference in kerstinisation in small vs large animal?

A

Small —> in skin, outer layers. Doesn’t occur where tissues remain moist e.g. vagina, oral cavity (not internally)
Large —> in skin, oral cavity, oesphogous and non glandular part

23
Q

What is the uses of stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelia?

A

Not abundant
In areas of transition between simple and stratified epithelia
Respiratory ducts
Ducts if exocrine glands

24
Q

What can we classify epithelial glands

A
  1. Method of secretion (endocrine vs exocrine)
  2. Type of secretion (for exocrine0
  3. Shape
  4. Cell numbers
25
Q

What are endocrine glands

A

Glands that lack a duct system and no connections to external or internal surfaces
Produce hormones
Near blood vessels

26
Q

What are exocrine glands

A

Secrete to a lumen or free surface

27
Q

What are the two classifications of exocrine glands

A

Number of cells —> unicellular vs multicellular
Shape of the secretory component —> tubular bs acinar
Shape of tubular system —. Simple (one unbranched tube) or compound (branched tubules)

Type of secreatory product —> serous (clear watery fluid) or mucous (more viscous fluid like goblet cells) or mixed

28
Q

What are the three different types of secretion?

A

Merocrine —> exocytosis (cell membrane remains intact) most common
Holocene —> cell membrane ruptures (cell dies)
Apocrine —> decapitation secretion (pinches off)

29
Q

What are the different types of apical modifications

A

Cillia-> motile (move)—> respiratory tract or oviduct
Microvilki —> don’t move —> increase SA for absorption
Stereocilla —> long villi —> male reproductive tract

30
Q

What are adherent junctions

A

Anchoring
Cells must bind to each other and to the connective tissue
Forms the mechanical stiffness of the tissue
Cells together —> desmosomes
Cells to the extra cellular matrix (basement membrane) —> hemidesmosomes

31
Q

What are tight junctions

A

Cells are involved in what enters the body
Entrance of nutrients and compounds must be controlled
Para cellular —> between the cells (controlled by epithelium)
Trans cellular —> through epithelium cells

32
Q

What are gap junctions

A

Cells that must communicate with each other
Aqueous channels allowing small molecules to pass through

NMSK (47 decks)

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