DIFFERENT TISSUE STRUCTURES Flashcards
What is the function of neurones
Receive and facilitate nervous systems
Classified based on function and structure
What is the function of neuroglial cells
Supporting cells (facilitate conduction of nerve impulses, immune function, maintenance of neurones_
What neuroglial cells are in the CNS
Astrocytes
Oligodenrocytes
Microglial cells
Ependymal cells
What neuroglial cells are in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
What is the function of connective tissue?
Mechanical and structural support
Supports and connects the various parts of the body
Separates tissues and organs
Protection
Fat storage
What is the structure, function and example of loose connective tissue?
Less elastin and collagen
More cells and ground substance
Less rigid and more easily distorted
Examples; in blood vessels, nerves, kidney, liver
Function: loose packing, support, nourishment to associated structures, tissue sliding.
What is a tissue?
Composed of a variable structure of cells and fibers surrounded by an extracellular matrix that may be a fluid, solid, or gel, depending on the function of the particular connective tissue.
What is structure, function and examples of dense connective tissue?
a higher proportion of fibres like collagen and elastin
•fewer cells.
•less ground substance in the extracellular matrix.
Examples; tendon, ligament, cornea of the eye, arteries
Function; tensile strength and stretch resistance
What are the three types of cartilaginous tissues?
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage.
What are cells in cartilage called?
chondrocytes
What is the matrix of cartilaginous tissue made up of?
type II collagen, glycoproteins and water.
Why is cartilage more flexible than bone?
It doesn’t contain calcium phosphate
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Lamellar (compact) bone
•Trabecular (spongy) bone
What is the structure of bones like?
Collagen network – tensile strength.
•Crystalline – compressive strength.
•Bone cells – maintenance of bone.
- calcium phosphate to make it extra strong
What is the specialised liquid tissue
Blood
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
Cells
Collagen fibres
Ground substance (specialised proteins)
How do you classify connective tissue into sub groups?
The non living extra cellular matrix
What does the ECM consist of?
Collagen and elastin fibres
Ground substance
What is the role of the ECM
Protect and supports cells
Changes cell behaviour in response to environment
Used in cell to cell communication
What are some components of the ground substance
Hyaluronic acid
Proteoglycan m
What do the different suffixes mean in terms of matrix?
- blasts
- cytes
- coasts
Create matrix
Maintain matrix
Breaks down matrix for remodelling
What is the name of a fat cell?
Adipose
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Synovial joints
Compare a fibrous ECM with a liquid ECM and how that affects the structure?
In fibrous ECM, the content is different to that of a liquid ECM. In a liquid ECM there is no collagen. Collagen fibres give the tissue its strength and is flexible, therefore cells aren’t as compact together. The fibrous connective tissue is able to withstand lots of tension due to this. The majority of the ECM is made of water, for example blood, so is more able to pass through through cardiovascular system.
Draw what bone tissue looks like
On one note
What is adipose connective tissue/
It is a connective tissue that is very specialized. It is comprised mainly of adipocytes i.e cells rich in lipid content whose main function is to conserve energy in the form of lipids.
Its function is for the collection and storage of fat for the metabolism of energy in the form of triglycerides.
It is also called body fat and can be present all over the body like under the skin, between the muscles, etc.
Draw the structure of fatty tissue
On one note.
What is reticular connective tissue formed from and where is it?
Reticular fibres (type III collagen) —> forms lymph nodes and spleen
Elastic fibres —> invertebrate disks
What is the function of fibroblasts?
Secrete collagen for matrix of tissues
What is the function of brown adipose tissue?
To maintain heat
What is the function of white adipose tissue?
Energy store
What is the structure and function of adipose tissue?
Little ECM surrounding cells
Cells full of liquid
Function; packaging, protection, insulation
What are the 4 types of tissue?
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle
What does nerve tissue consist of?
Neurones
Neuroglial cells
What are the five different types of connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue
Bone
Blood
Cartilage
What is connective tissue developed from4
Mesenchymal tissues
What is a fibroblast
A type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue
They secrete the extra cellular matrix proteins, such as collagen and elastin
What are the ground substances in connective tissue?
- GAG (glycoaminoglycans)
Such as hydralautic acid - proteoglycans
- glycoproteins
What are GAGs and where are they found?
GAGs are polysaccharides that trap water, giving the ground substance a gel-like texture.
With the exception of hyaluronic acid, GAGs are bound to proteins called proteoglycans. Glycoproteins are proteins that attach components of the ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells
What are collagen fibres like?
Crimp arrangement
Makes them strong and for tension
Where are collagen fibres found?
Tendon, fascia, capsules, cartilage, bone
How far can elastic fibres stretch?
Up to 150%
Where would you find elastic fibres?
Capsules
Lung
Arteries
What is the stroma of a tissue
Stroma is the part of a tissue or organ with a structural or connective role. It is made up of all the parts without specific functions of the organ - for example, connective tissue, blood vessels, ducts
What is the parenchyma of a tissue?
parenchyma of an organ consists of that tissue which conducts the specific function of the organ. An organ’s parenchyma usually comprises the bulk of the organ.
Where do you find reticular fibres?
Part of the stroma
Liver
Kidney
Spleen
Lymph nodes
What are the main amino acids in collagen?
Glycine
Proline
Hydroxyproline
Hydroxylysine
What is the structure of collagen link
Triple helix
What is the benefit of having Lysyl oxidase in collagen?
Enzyme which catalyses hydroxylysine
Forms cross links between elastin and collagen fibres, extra strength
Where do you find type 1 collagen?
Skin
tendons
Organs
Scar tissue
Artery walls
Cornea
Fibrocartilage
Where do you find type 2 collagen?
Hyaline cartilage
Where do you find type III collagen/
Reticular fibres (in organ stroma)
Where do you find type IV collagen fibres?
Basal laminate, eye lens, filtration system of capillaries and glomerula
Where do you find type V collagen fibres?
Interstitial tissue
Placenta
What is the function of interstitial fluid?
Transport of small molecules between cells and blood supply
What are some examples of GAG
hyaluronic acid
Chrondatin sulphate
Keratin sulphate
What are GAGs
Unbranched polysaccharide chains
Huge molecules that occupy a large amount of space
Highly negatively charged due to sulphites or carboxylates
What do GAGs do
Attract positive cations (Na+ and K+)
Attract water and push it back out for compressive effecf
What are the clinical uses of GAGs
Reduces inflammation
Enhances function
What is the function of hyaluronic acid?
Resists compression;
Major part of hyaline cartilage and synovial fluid
In skin
Tissue repair
Facilitates cell migration and proliferation
What are the function of glycoproteins
Binds together fibres, cells and ground substances
Cell to cell interactions
What is laminin
Major protein in basal lamina
What is basal lamina?
Basal laminas are specialized sheets of extracellular matrix that in epithelia underlie the epithelial cells and separate them from the adjoining stroma
What is a fibronectin and its function?
Glycoprotein
Cell adhesion, growth
Would healing
Embryonic development
What is the structure of loose connective tissue like?
Interstitial
Provides some support but lets blood vessels and nerves do what they want
Which dense connective tissue have randomly ordered fibres?
Sclera (white of eyes)
Skin
Which dense connective tissue has parallel ordered bundles?
Tendons
Ligaments
What is the structure of a tendon/ ligament like?
Parallel collagen fibres
Surrounded by peritenon
Fibrocytes/ tenocytes
What collagen type does tendon have
Type 1
What collagen type does ligaments have
3
What is the composition of tendon have
65-80% dollagen
2% elastin
1-5% proteoglycans
<rest is water
What is the function of glycoaminoflycams
Bind to collagen to make a mesh network
Binds to water for compressive force resistant
What are the main GAGs
Chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate
Decorin, biglycan, versican
Heparin
Keratan sulphate
What is a proteoglycsn
Several GAGs joined to a core protein
Core proteins are then joined to a hyaluronan to make large netwoek
What is the function of large proteoglycsns
Attracts cations
Attracts water
Compressive force
What do small glycoproteins do
Binds to ECM molecules like collagen to form crosslinks
Tensile factors
Binds growth factors
What is COMP, where is it and its functions
An extra cellular glycoprotein
In tendons and ligaments
•Resists load.
•Binds fibrillar collagen.
•Helps in forming fibrils.
•Organises collagen networ
