Brain Stem

Question 1

What part of the brain stem controls the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Medulla oblongata

Question 2

What part of the brainstem controls respiration

Answer 2

Medulla oblongata

Question 3

What part of the brainstem controls pain sensitivity

Answer 3

Midbrain

Question 4

What part of the brainstem controls alertness, awareness and conciousness

Answer 4

Pons

Question 5

What is main the sensory ascending pathway in the brainstem

Answer 5

Spinothalamic tract

Question 6

What cranial nerves emerge from the spinal cord

Answer 6

3-12

Question 7

What types of haemorrhage can occur and the causes

Answer 7

Hematoma- collection or pool of blood in the brain stem- causes anatomical changes so it can’t function properly
Caused by trauma or damage to the blood vessels

Question 8

What is the difference between central and peripheral vestibular disease

Answer 8

Central means lesion is within cerebellum or brainstem
Peripheral means lesion is in vestibular components (inner ear)

Question 9

What is an ischaemia

Answer 9

A condition in which blood flow is restricted to brain, only shows temporary symptoms

Question 10

Where does brainstem originate from embryonicqllh

Answer 10

Ectoderm

Question 11

What is the grey matter of the brainstem

Answer 11

found in clumps and clusters throughout the brainstem

Question 12

What is the white matter of the brainstem,

Answer 12

consists of fibre tracts (axons of
neuronal cells) passing down from the cerebral
cortex

Question 13

How does the proportion of the brain stem of the brain compare between species

Answer 13

Birds, reptiles and fish have a bigger brain stem compared to mammals proportionally

Question 14

What is the function of the midbrain

Answer 14

Vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature regulation.

Question 15

Partial or total obstruction of the cerebral aqueduct in the mesencephalon during development can lead to what?

Answer 15

Hydrocephalus
Increased pressure in the skull
Caused by an accumulation of CSF in the brain

Question 16

What does the Superior colliculus control

Answer 16

control of eye movements particularly the frequency and latency of saccadic movements

Question 17

What does the red nucleus do

Answer 17

a motor nucleus that sends a descending tract to the lower motor neurons.

Question 18

What does the Crus cerebri do

Answer 18

Large ventral bundle of efferent fibres

Question 19

How is the midbrain developed during neural development

Answer 19

from the second vesicle, of the neural tube

Question 20

What is the function of the pons

Answer 20

Arousal, Controlling Autonomic Functions, Relaying Sensory Information between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum, a sleep centre – dreams

Question 21

What is the Pontine reticular formation

Answer 21

a region in the pons that is involved in regulating the sleep- wake cycle and filtering incoming stimuli to discriminate irrelevant background stimuli.

Question 22

What does the prosencephalon develop into

Answer 22

Telencephalon (cerebru,)
Diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus)

Question 23

What does the rhombencephalon develop into

Answer 23

Metacephalon- pons and cerebellum
Myencephalon- medulla oblongata

Question 24

What are the 3 internal lamellae of the brainstem

Answer 24

tectum, tegmentum, and crus cerebri

Question 25

What is in the tegmentum of the brainstem

Answer 25

CN 3, 4 and 5
Red nucleus

Question 26

What is in the tectum?

Answer 26

Superior and inferior colliculi- two pairs of relay nuclei

Question 27

What changes between the brainstem and the spinal cord

Answer 27

Medulla connects the brain to the spinal cord. Brainstem has cranial nerve nuclei. Spinal cord has continuous sympathetic chain ganglia.

Question 28

What happens to somatic sensory neurones that carry proprioception or touch information when they reach the brainstem

Answer 28

information synapse at the gracile and cuneate nuclei, axons from secondary neurons decussate at the level of the medulla and travel up the brainstem as the medial lemniscus on the contralateral (opposite) side.