Neuroanatomy and development Flashcards
embryonic development
0 days: fertilization
2 days: clevage
7 days: blastula, hollow mass of cells
11 days: trophoblast
three germ layers of trophoblast
ectoderm (skin and nervous system)
mesoderm (muscles)
endoderm (gut)
neurulation
thickening of layer, folds, comes together
begins to form neural plate
neural plate-> neural groove -> neural tube -> CNS
neural plate -> neural folds -> neural crest -> PNS
vesicles
bulging out of the neural tube
prosencephalon
(forebrain)
- > telencephalon -> cortex and subcortical structures
- > diencephalon -> thalamus and hypothalamus
- > optic cup -> retina
mesencephalon
-> midbrain
rhombencephalon
(hindbrain)
- > metencephalon -> pons and cerebellum
- > meyencephalon -> medulla
ways to cut a brain
sagittal (down the middle, parallel to axis)
horizonal
coronal (slices across, perpendicular to axis)
gray vs white matter
gray matter: cell bodies
white matter: axons
Brodmann’s cytoarchitectural map
six layers to the cerebral cortex, layers vary slightly, cytoarchitectual differences relate to differences in functiom
two components of the nervous system
CNS
PNS -> somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)
autonomic -> sympathic (excites, fight or flight) and parasympathetic (calms)
how do we study the (living) human brain?
injuries: stroke, traumatic brain injury (TBI), disease
stimulation: electrodes (surgery), TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)
recording: electrodes (surgery), EEG
imaging
types of brain imaging
static imaging: CAT (x-ray), MRI (more detailed)
imgaing correlates of activity: PET (radioactive glucose), fMRI (MRI tech used over time, H2O)
