Diffuse systems, motivated behavior, emotion

Question 1

maintaining homeostasis for caloric intake

Answer 1

humoral: decrease ACTH, decrease TSH; visceromotor: increase parasympathetic activity; somatic: eat

Question 2

maintaing homeostasis for temperature

Answer 2

humoral: decrease TSH; visceromotor: increase parasympathetic activity; somatic: find AC

Question 3

motivated behavior

Answer 3

behavior that is incited to achieve a goal, expend energy to do it, can be homeostatic or nonhomeostatic

Question 4

common features of diffusme modulatory systems

Answer 4

relatively small number of neurons, neruons are in the “core” of the brain (usually the brainstem), each neuron has MANY postsynaptic contacts and they project widely, NTs released by these neurons often are not restricted to the synaptic cleft but diffuse widely

Question 5

norepinephrine

Answer 5

in pons, regualtes attentions, arousal, sleep-wake cycles and is involved in learning and memory

Question 6

serotonin

Answer 6

in 9 nuclei throughout brainstem, regulation of sleep-wake cycles and mood

Question 7

acetylcholine

Answer 7

in scattered nuclei near the basal ganglia, regulates arousal and learning and memory

in scattered nuclei in pons and medulla, sleep-wake cycles

Question 8

dopamine

Answer 8

in midbrain, important in the initiation of movements

in midbrain, a “reward” system that reinforces behavior, “want” instead of “like”

Question 9

drugs of abuse

Answer 9

stimulate the circutry involved in motivated behaviors, cause habits, input to the nucleus accumbens

Question 10

concious vs. unconcious emotion

Answer 10

concious: emotional expereince, cognitive state, ex. “I’m scared,” cortex
unconcious: emotional expression, visceromotor/somatic responses, ex. increase HR or laugh, hypothalamus

Question 11

two theories of emotion and evidence for each

Answer 11

in reality, they work together

Question 12

circutry of emotion

Answer 12

cingulate cortex and posterior hypothalamus talk to each other (hence emotional experience and expression influence one another)

frontal cortex inhibits emotional expression (rational)

amygdala gives stimuli emotional context which helps us learn (tells us we should be having a certain emotional response to something, especially when it comes to fear)

two inputs (shock and sounds) are associated

Question 13

anterior vs. posterior hypothalamus

Answer 13

cut cortical inputs to hypothalamus results in sham rage -> hypothalamus is involved in emotion

removing anterior hypothalamus still results in sham rage but removing posterior does not -> posterior is invovled in emotion