Neuro Conditions/Words Flashcards
penumbra
area surrounding a ischemic stroke
abulia
a lack of drive or will to do anything (common in ACA strokes)
Apraxia
difficulty planning and performing a mvmt (common in ACA strokes)
Intentional vs ideomotor apraxia
Intentional- inability to perform on command
ideomotor- inability to perform on command BUT can do it automatically
(TBI, stroke, tumour)
Akinetic mutism
Dont move or speak (ACA stroke)
Brocas/ Expressive aphasia
Broken and slow speech. Hard to get it out but knows what to say (ACA+MCA)
Wernikes/ receptive aphasia`
Difficulty with language comprehension.
Word salad, comes out like gibberish and doesn’t make sense (MCA)
anosognosia
unaware of their condition (Right hemisphere stroke TBI)
ataxia
no coordination (cerrebellar)
Dysarthria
motor speech deficits. Cant use their muscles to speak properly (TBI, stroke, PD, MS)
Dysphasia
Dysphasia is a language disorder marked by deficiency in the generation of speech, and sometimes also in its comprehension, due to brain disease or damage.
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing (ALS, Stroke, MS, PD)
Pseudobulbar affect
Sudden and unpredictable outbursts of crying, laughing, or other emotional displays (ALS, MS, Stroke, TBI)
Apathy
blunted emotional responses (Stroke, TBI)
asomatagnosia
lack of understanding of a body part (right cerebral lesions)
finger agnosia
unable to name, move a finger when an examiner asks
Agnosia
inability to interpret sensory information despite intact sensations
astereognosis
tactile agnosia
choreoathetosis
fast or slow finger movements. Like playing piano
hemiballismus
sudden and abrupt movements of one side of the body
asthenia
generalized muscle weakness (cerebellar)
Dysdiadochokinesia
impaired ability performing rapid alternating moevemnt (cerebellar)
Dysmetria
Inability to judge length or distance of mvmt (cerebellar)
Dysrythmia
abnormal rythme and timing of mvmt (cerebellar)
Dyssynergia
Inability to perform in one mvmt. Has to be broken up (cerebellar)
Rebound phenomenon/ Check reflex
the ability to stop forceful active mvmt when resistance is removed (cerebellar)
Intention tremor (kinetic tremor)
Oscillatory mvmt during voluntary mvmt.
increases with speed or when approaching target (cerebellar)
Postural Tremor (static tremor)
Oscillatory mvmt during static position (cerebellar)
athetosis
slow continuous writhing mvmts (CP)
dystonia
repetitive mvmts and abnormal fixed postures and disordered tone due to sustained or intermittent muscle contractions.
commonly triggered from voluntary mvmts
Gower’s Maneuver
getting up from a seated position, climbing legs. (Duchenne Muscular dystrophy)
cachexia
wasting of body tissue- RA symptom
malaise
a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify (Fibromyalgia)
Episcleritis / scleritis
Inflammatoion of a portion of the eye
Horner’s syndrome
Occurs when the sympathetic trunk is damaged
The signs and symptoms occur on the same side (ipsilateral) as the lesion of the sympathetic trunk. It is characterized by miosis (a constricted pupil), partial ptosis (a weak, droopy eyelid), apparent anhydrosis (decreased sweating)
Locked-in syndrome
Complete basilar artery occlusion.
Full tetraplegia and sensory loss. Cognition, blinking, and vertical eye movements are spared
Medial medullary syndrome
Due to an occlusion of the anterior spinal artery which results in injury to the medial part of the medulla.
Leads to contralateral paralysis and loss of vibration/proprioception/2 pt discrimination. Also presents with atrophy and paralysis of ipsilateral tongue.
Wallenburg’s syndrome
Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery would result in Wallenburg’s syndrome.
This syndrome is characterized by sensory deficits that affect the trunk and extremities contralaterally (opposite to the lesion), and sensory deficits of the face and cranial nerves ipsilaterally (same side as the lesion). The cross body finding is the chief symptom from which a diagnosis can be made.
Autonomic dysreflexia
AD occurs in individuals with spinal cord lesions above T6, resulting in sympathetic nervous system overstimulation below the level of the lesion, and excessive parasympathetic activity above the level of the lesion
Results in increased blood pressure and decreased heart rate
Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity
Following a TBI, sympathetic activity increases and may become overactive, resulting in paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH). PSH can result in signs like increased heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, diaphoresis, hyperthermia, decorticate/decerebrate posturing, hypertonia, and bruxism.
Neurogenic shock
Neurogenic shock is classically characterised by hypotension, bradycardia and peripheral vasodilatation. Neurogenic shock is due to loss of sympathetic vascular tone and happens only after a significant proportion of the sympathetic nervous system has been damaged – as may occur with lesions at the T6 level or higher.
Scleroderma
an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and fibrosis (thickening) in the skin and other areas of the body. When an immune response tricks tissues into thinking they are injured, it causes inflammation, and the body makes too much collagen, leading to scleroderma
ptosis
drooping eyelid
Myasthenia Gravis
chronic autoimmune disorder in which antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscle, resulting in weakness of the skeletal muscles.
The hallmark signs of MG are fluctuating, asymmetrical ptosis of the eyes, weakness of muscles that worsens rapidly with repetition and subsides with rest.
Acute Idiopathic Polyneuritis
aka. guillan barre
chorea
a symptom that causes involuntary, irregular or unpredictable muscle movements. It affects your arms, legs and facial muscles.
Chorea comes from the Greek word that means “to dance.”
Myoclonus
sudden, brief involuntary twitching or jerking of a muscle or group of muscles. The twitching cannot be stopped or controlled by the person experiencing it (TBI)
malaise
general discomfort (fibromyalgia)
Post traumatic Syringomyelia (cyst)
Post traumatic Syringomyelia cyst formation at site of trauma can take years to develop. When it does, it can block the cerebral spinal fluid and compress the cord. Causes symptoms like sweating and changes in motor function
Tenodesis Grip
C6 or C7 grip (extension of the wrist and fingers flex passively)
Korsakoff syndrome
Korsakoff syndromeis an amnestic disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency associated with prolonged ingestion of alcohol.
Angelman syndrome
Angelman syndrome is a genetic disorder that mainly affects the nervous system. Symptoms include a small head and a specific facial appearance, severe intellectual disability, developmental disability, speaking problems, balance and movement problems, seizures, and sleep problems.
akinesia
a lack of spontaneous movement. The lack of arm swing while walking is an example of this. (Freezing gait) (Parkinsons Disease)
Gerstmann syndrome
consisting of a tetrad of symptoms:
- impairment in performing calculations (acalculia),
- discriminating their own fingers (finger agnosia)
- writing by hands (agraphia)
- impairment of distinguishing left from right (left-right disorientation).
Dysphonia
Dysphonia is a defective use of the voice, inability to produce sound due to laryngeal weakness
Hypomimia
Masked face (PD)
Micrographia
Small writing
Festinating Gait
shortened strides (PD)
Anteropulsive
forward festinating gait
Retropulsive
backward festinating gait
Dyskinesia
involunatry full body mvmts like writhering (PD- Levadopa side effect)
oscillopsia
vision problem in which still objects seem to jump, jiggle, or vibrate due to a misalignment of the eyes or systems controlling balance
Achalasia
Failure of the smooth muscle of the GI tract to relax. Aggravated by stress and tension, this blockage in the lower esophagus causes the back flow of ingested food and fluids within your esophagus
sarcopnia
the loss of muscle and strength that can happen when someone gets older and does less physical activity
