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SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR > MYCO & VIRULOGY L1 (Prelim- Introduction) > Flashcards

MYCO & VIRULOGY L1 (Prelim- Introduction) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of a Eukaryotic cell?

A
  • Posses true nucleus
  • Nuclear membrane
  • Mitochondria
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of fungi?

A
  1. Yeast
  2. Mold
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2
Q

Enumerate at least three characteristics of a fungi

A
  • Chitin in cell wall
  • Ergosterol in the cell membrane
  • Sexual or asexual reproduction
  • Lack chlorophyll
  • Lack antibiotic susceptibility
  • Saprophytic
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3
Q

General considerations for the identification of Yeasts

A
  • Colonial morphologic features
  • Microscopic morphologic features
  • Psychologic studies
  • Rapid commercial yeast identification tests
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4
Q

Most fungi are __________ that grow best at a _______, although they tolerate a wide pH range

A

obligate aerobes; neutral pH

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5
Q

IDENTIFY: Single vegetative cells (unicellular). Moist, creamy, opaque or pasty colonies on media

A

Yeast

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6
Q

Yeast reproduces through?

A

“budding”

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7
Q

This is the term used to describe the daughter cell in “budding”

A

Blastoconidium

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8
Q

General considerations for the identification of Molds

A
  • Growth rate
  • Colonial morphologic features
  • Microscopic morphologic features
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9
Q

IDENTIFY: Filamentous Fungi. It has fluffy, cottony, woolly or powdery colonies

A

Molds

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10
Q

Most molds have a fuzzy or woolly appearance because of
the?

A

formation of mycelia

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11
Q

Mycelia are made up of
many long strands of tubelike structures called?

A

hyphae

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12
Q

Hyphae can be classified as?

A

Aerial or Vegetative

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13
Q

These mycelia extend above the surface of the colony and
are responsible for the fuzzy appearance

A

Aerial mycelia

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14
Q

This support the reproductive structures that produce conidia

A

Aerial mycelia

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15
Q

In many cases, these are used to identify different fungal genera

A

Conidia

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16
Q

These mycelia extend downward into the medium to absorb nutrients

A

Vegetative mycelia

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17
Q

Enumerate the three different kinds of septation in a hyphae

A
  • Septate
  • Sparsely septate
  • Aseptate
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18
Q

Enumerate the four different appearances of a hyphae

A
  • Antler hyphae
  • Racquet hyphae
  • Spiral hyphae
  • Rhizoids
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19
Q

This refers to the frequent cross walls of a hyphae

A

Septate

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20
Q

This refers to the irregular interval (of cross walls) of a hyphae

A

Sparsely septate

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21
Q

The absence of cross walls of a hyphae

A

Aseptate

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22
Q

This elevation is described as furrowed or convoluted

A

Verrucose

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23
Q

This elevation is described as slightly raised in the center

A

Umbonate

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24
Q

The elevation furrows (and) radiate out from the center

A

Rugose

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25
Q

How many days does it take for a slow grower to grow?

A

11-21 days

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26
Q

How many days does it take for a rapid grower to grow?

A

5 days or less

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27
Q

How many days does it take for an intermediate grower to grow?

A

6-10 days

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28
Q

IDENTIFY: This is nonpigmented or lightly pigmented. And sometimes referred to as moniliaceous

A

Hyaline

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29
Q

IDENTIFY: This is darkly pigmented and melanized. Sometimes referred to as dematiaceous.

A

Phaeoid

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30
Q

This fungus is easy to isolate, and is tan to yellowish

A

Yeast

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31
Q

In phaeoid, the pigmentation is caused by?

A

melanin

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31
Q

This is the characteristic of a fungi that refers to its ability to obtain food by absorbing it from its environment

A

Saprophytic

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32
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Pigmentation should be seen with a stain

A

FALSE. It should be seen without a stain

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33
Q

Its black appearance is brought about by the stain not necessarily by a phaeoid

A

Gomori methylene

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34
Q

In Fontana-Masson, what is the color of the stain if it is a hyaline

A

pink to red

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35
Q

In Fontana-Masson, what is the color of the stain if it is a phaeoid?

A

brown

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36
Q

This texture is described as loose, high aerial mycelium

A

Cottony

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37
Q

This texture is described as high aerial mycelium that appears slightly matted down

A

Woolly

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38
Q

This texture is described as dense, powdery, resembling sugar granules

A

Granular

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38
Q

This texture is described as low aerial mycelium resembling a velvet cloth

A

Velvety

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39
Q

Mold and yeast phase

A

Dimorphic fungi

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39
Q

If the fungi are dimorphic, mold grows in what temperature?

A

25C to 30C

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39
Q

This texture has a smooth surface with no aerial mycelium

A

Glabrous

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40
Q

Both yeast and mold forms in the same culture

A

Polymorphic Fungi

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41
Q

If the fungi are dimorphic, yeast grows in what temperature?

A

35C to 37C

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42
Q

This term refers to asexeual reproduction

A

Anamorph

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43
Q

If the production of spores is endogenous it is termed as ____________, and if it is exogeneous it is _____________

A

sporangiospore; conidiophore

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44
Q

IDENTIFY: Large, usually multiseptate, and club- or spindle- shaped

A

Macroconidia

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45
Q

IDENTIFY: small, unicellular, round elliptical

A

Microconidia

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46
Q

Asexual reproduction results in the formation of _______ following mitosis

A

conidia

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47
Q

Asexual reproduction
is carried out by specialized fruiting structures known as _______________. This also contains genetic material

A

Conidiogenous cell

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48
Q

Two common conidiogenous cells are the:

A
  • Phialides
  • Annellides
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49
Q

These are vaselike structures that produce phialoconidia

A

Phialides

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50
Q

These are ringed structures that produce annelloconidia

A

Annellides

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51
Q

These conidia are formed by fragmentation of fertile hyphae as opposed to being formed by conidiogenous cell

A

arthroconidia

52
Q

These are supporting structure and are saclike structure produced at the tip

A

Sporangiophore

53
Q

Asexual reproduction is characterized by the presence of?

A

sporangiophores and sporangiospores

54
Q

Produced through the structure sporangium

A

Asexual spores (sporangiospores)

55
Q

Joining of two compatible nuclei, followed by meiosis.

A

Sexual reproduction

56
Q

Fungi that reproduce sexually

A

Teleomorph

57
Q

Asexual forms of the same fungus

A

Synanomorphs

58
Q

The sexual term (counterpart) of conidia

A

ascospore

58
Q

The sexual term (counterpart) of sporangiospore

A

zygospore

59
Q

Sexual and asexual reproduction in mucorales

A

sexual: Zygospores
asexual: Sporangiospores

59
Q

Subphylum Mucoromycotina. This reproduces asexually (for most clinically significant pathogens

A

Mucorales

60
Q

Reproduce sexually (ascospores). 50% of all named fungi belong to this phylum

A

Ascomycota

60
Q

Produce profuse, gray to white, aerial mycelium characterized by the presence of hyaline, sparsely septate hypha

A

Mucorales

61
Q

This phylum has no mode of sexual reproduction as it is yet to be identified.

A

Fungi imperfecti or Deuteromycota

61
Q

Reproduce sexually (basidiospores). Its distinct feature is its ability to form clump connections

A

Basidiomycota

61
Q

Enumerate the different respiratory tract specimens

A
  • Sputum
  • Induced sputum
  • Tracheal aspirations
  • Bronchial washings
  • Broncho alveolar lavage
62
Q

Processing of fungi should be done in a (safety issue)?

A

Class II biological safety cabinet

63
Q

Container used for respiratory tract specimens

A

sterile & screw-top

64
Q

Media used for respiratory tract specimens

A
  • Nonselective and with antibacterial agents
65
Q

Type of swab for respiratory tract specimens

A

Dacron swab

65
Q

What is the mucolytic agent for respiratory tract specimens?

A

N-acetyl-L-cysteine

66
Q

If the respiratory tract specimens are processed within 2 hours, it is stored at?

A

Room Temperature

67
Q

If there is a delay in processing respiratory tract specimens, it is stored at?

A

Refrigerated (4°C)

68
Q

Automation used for blood cultures

A
  • BACTEC
  • ALERT
  • VersaTREK
69
Q

If fungi are dimorphic, this is used to lyse the WBCs and RBCs to get concentrates

A

Isolator

70
Q

The media used for CSF should have?

A

no antibacterial or anti-fungal agents

70
Q

Incubation period of blood

A

30°C for 21 days

71
Q

Preparations for CSF

A
  • Centrifugation
  • Filtration
72
Q

Storage for CSF

A

Room Temperature or 30°C

73
Q

This specimen is to be examined using direct microscopic slide examination

A

Eye (Corneal Scarpings)

74
Q

This is used as a common identifier of hair, with a UV of >365 nm

A

Wood lamp

74
Q

Media used for Eye (Corneal Scarpings)

A

Non-inhibitory

75
Q

Storage for eye (Corneal Scarpings)

A

Room temperature

76
Q

This is inoculated on fungal medium and incubated at 22° to 30°C

A

Hair

77
Q

Cleaned with 70% isopropyl alcohol prior to the collection

A

Skin and nails

78
Q

Scraped from outer edge of surface lesion. KOH wet mount is used to examine this specimen

A

Skin

79
Q

Scrapings or cuttings. Deeper scrapings for KOH

A

Nails

80
Q

Use to cut nails into small thin strips

A

sterile scissors

81
Q

Submitted within 24 hours and transported via swabs

A

Vaginal sample

82
Q

When using nails as a specimen this is more ideal for inoculating or culturing in a media

A

cuttings

83
Q

Media used for vaginal sample

A

Selective and inhibitory

84
Q

Screened for yeasts and incubate at 30° C for 7 days

A

Vaginal sample

85
Q

Processed immediately

A

CSF or Urine

86
Q

If urine is clear this is done as well as for quantitative culture

A

Centrifugation/ centrifuged

87
Q

Storage for urine

A

< 2 hrs: RT
> 2 hrs: 4°C

88
Q

This specimen is minced, grinded, and homogenized and is incubated at 30°C for 21 days

A

Tissues

89
Q

If bone marrow is the specimen used, the syringe should be flushed with?

A

heparin

90
Q

This is the common specimen used to identify yeast and hyphal elements

A

urine

91
Q

Centrifugation is performed and isolator tubes can be used in processing this specimen

A

Bone marrow

92
Q

What is the percent of KOH solution used in KOH preparation?

A

10% to 20% KOH solution

93
Q

This breaks down keratin

A

10% to 20% KOH solution

94
Q

Samples that can be used for KOH preparation

A

skin, hair, nails, and tissue

95
Q

Procedure for KOH Preparation:
1. Add _______to sample in slide
2. Cover w/ slip
3. Heat then cool for approx ________

A

1 drop ; 15 mins

96
Q

Greater breakdown of debris. No heat required

A

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

97
Q

Binds to polysaccharides in chitin walls of fungus

A

KOH with Calcofluor White

98
Q

The positive for this procedure is fluorescent apple green or blue-white

A

KOH with Calcofluor White

99
Q

Used to examine CSF

A

India Ink

100
Q

Positive for yeast using india ink

A

clear w/ halo (capsule)

101
Q

What is observed in KOH preparation?

A

Hyphal formation

102
Q

Procedure for India Ink:
1. 1 drop specimen: _____ drop India ink
2. Examine on ________

A

1 drop; HPO

103
Q

Disadvantages in India Ink

A

WBCs or air bubbles resemble encapsulated organisms

104
Q

Detection of fungi. Hyphae of molds and yeasts can be readily distinguished

A

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain

105
Q

Examination of melanin pigment in fungal cell
walls

A

Masson-Fontana stain

106
Q

Enumerate the different procedure for direct microscopic examination of specimens

A
  1. KOH preparation
  2. KOH with calcofluor white
  3. India Ink
  4. Tissue stains
107
Q

Microscopic examination involves:

A
  • Septate versus sparsely septate hyphae
  • Hyaline or phaeoid hyphae
  • Fruiting structures
  • The types, size, shape, and arrangement of
    conidia
108
Q

Kills, preserves and stains organisms

A

Lactic Acid, phenol and dye in LPCB

109
Q

Positive for tease mount

A

Blue appearance

110
Q

Involve gently touching a piece of clear tape, sticky side down, to the surface of the colony and then removing it

A

Cellophane tape preparation

111
Q

Initial isolation of pathogens and saprobes

A

Sabouraud dextrose agar

111
Q

Composition of Lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB)

A

Lactic Acid, phenol and dye

112
Q

Tape preparations should be read within _________ and then discarded.

A

30 minutes

113
Q

An antibiotic agent that inhibits insignificant fungal contaminants

A

Cycloheximide

114
Q

An antibiotic agent that inhibits bacterial growth

A

Gentamicin or Chloramphenicol

115
Q

With 5% to 10% Sheep
blood. Enhanced growth of dimorphic fungi

A

Brain-heart infusion (BHI)

116
Q

Routine procedures performed (katong gi emphasize ni ma’am jo na dili kalimtan)

A
  1. KOH preparation
  2. India Ink
  3. Germ tube
117
Q

Isolation and presumptive identification of filamentous fungi

A

Chromogenic agar

118
Q

Allows identification of pathogenic yeast by examining the microscopic morphology of inoculum growth

A

Cornmeal agar

119
Q

Incubation requirements:
For culture
- Temperature: __________
- Duration: _____________
- Cultures should be examined at least __________

A
  • Temperature: 30°C
  • Duration: 21 to 30 days
  • Cultures should be examined at least three times weekly
120
Q

Differentiate yeast with their ability to create a
germ tube

A

Germ tube

121
Q
  • Grown with serum or plasma at 35° C
  • Ability to form hyphae
  • (+) Candida albican
A

Germ tube

122
Q

Procedure for Germ tube:
1. Add yeast colony to _______ serum
2. Incubate at 35°C for __________
3. Observe under microscope

A

0.5 ml serum; 2.5-3 hours

123
Q

Reporting for KOH preparation

A

(+) Presence of Hyphal elements
(-) No hyphal elements

124
Q

Does not appear blue in tease mount because it is darkly pigmented

A

Phaeoid

SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR (39 decks)

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