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SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR > ImmunoSero Lecture (Immune System) > Flashcards

ImmunoSero Lecture (Immune System) Flashcards

1
Q

Embryonic blood cells, excluding your lymphocytes, originates from the ________________ which is from the embryonic germ layer which is the ____________.

A

mesenchymal tissue; mesoderm

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2
Q

Where the first blood cells (primitive RBCs; erythroblasts) are formed during the first 2 to 8 weeks of life.

A

Islets of the yolk sac

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3
Q

Replaces the yolk sac as the site of blood cell development

A

Liver and Spleen

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4
Q

The major site of hematopoiesis by the second month of gestation where granular types of leukocytes initially appear

A

Liver

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5
Q

During hematopoiesis, these predominate from about 2 to 5 months of fetal life.

A

Liver and Spleen

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6
Q

In the fourth month, this begins to produce blood cells and in the fifth month, it assumes its role as the primary site of hematopoiesis

A

Bone marrow

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7
Q

At the start of postnatal, all of the bones participate in the hematopoietic development, but as we age, it has become more confined in ____________.

A

Flat bones
(vertebrae, sternum, ribs)

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8
Q

The cellular elements of the blood are produced from …

A

Multipotential hematopoietic stem cell (Hemacytoblast) CD34 & CD45

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9
Q

Major cellular elements of the circulating blood.

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Thrombocytes; and
Specific types of Leukocytes (WBCs)

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10
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone Marrow
Thymus

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11
Q

Where all lymphocytes arise from that resides in one of the primary lymphoid organs which is in the bone marrow

A

Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells

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12
Q

Among the primary lymphoid organs which is solely dedicated to the T-cell.

A

Thymus

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13
Q

Known to be the center of antigenic independent lymphopoiesis or in other words the center for the development of your lymphocyte that does not require antigen stimulation.

A

Bone marrow

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14
Q

The main site for the maturation of your B cells in the peripheral blood.

A

Bone marrow

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15
Q

Approximately, __________% of leukocytes are B cells, __________ % are NK cells, and the rest are T cells.

A

10 to 20% - B cell leukocytes
22% - NK cells

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16
Q

A butterfly-shaped, small, flat, and bilobed organ found in the thorax or chest cavity that is capable of producing T lymphocytes until at least the 5th or 6th decade of life

A

Thymus

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17
Q

This is where T-cell maturation and the acquisition of surface antigens occur.

A

Thymus

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18
Q

Young T cells are first located in the cortex. After 2-8 weeks, they migrate and populate the ________________. Once they mature into T lymphocytes, they are then released.

A

medulla

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19
Q

True or False.

Each lymphocte spends the least of its life span in solid tissue, entering the circulation periodically to go from one secondary organ to another.

A

False. It spends most of its life span

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20
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs
< PAT MLS >

A

Peyer’s patches
Appendix
Tonsils
Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
Lymph nodes; and
Spleen

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21
Q

Play a role in antigen dependent lymphopoiesis

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

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22
Q

The secondary lymphoid tissues are found in these tracts.

A

Gastrointestinal Tract
Respiratory Tract
Urogenital Tract

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23
Q

These are localized at some of the main ports of entry for foreign organisms

A

Marcophages and Lymphocytes

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24
Q

A specialized type of malt specifically found in the ileum of the small intestine that responds to pathogens entering the respiratory tract and alimentary tracts, providing potential sites for contact with foreign antigen and increasing the probability of immune response.

A

Peyer’s patches

Aww, it patches for you kahit di mo deserve! Char

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25
Q

When stimulated by antigen, B cells form …

A

Geminal center

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26
Q

This pulp comprises approx. 20 percent of the total weight of the spleen and contains the lymphoid tissue.

A

white pulp

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27
Q

The largest secondary lymphoid organ which is arranged around arterioles in a periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)

A

Spleen

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28
Q

The periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) mainly contains …

A

T cells

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29
Q

Attached to the sheath are primary follicles which contain ________________ that are not yet stimulated by antigen.

A

B cells

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30
Q

Traps antigen

A

Dendritic cells

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31
Q

How many times will an adult’s blood volume pass through the spleen where lymphocytes and macrophages can constantly survey for infectious agents of other foreign matter?

A

4 times

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32
Q

These are located along lymphatic ducts and serve as central collecting points for lymph fluid from adjacent tissue.

A

Lymph nodes

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33
Q

Lymph nodes are especially numerous near the …

A

Joints and where the arms and legs join the body

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34
Q

The lymph fluid flows slowly through these spaces which are lined with macrophages, creating an ideal location for phagocytosis.

A

sinuses

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35
Q

Consists of antigen-stimulated proliferating B cells.

A

Secondary follicles

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36
Q

The interior of a secondary follicle where blast transformation of B cells takes place.

A

Germinal center

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37
Q

Actively secretes antibodies

A

Plasma cells

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38
Q

Primary function of lymph nodes

A

Generation of B-cell memory

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39
Q

T lymphocytes are mainly localized in …

A

the paracortex

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40
Q

antigen-presenting cells

A

interdigitating cells

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41
Q

Transit time through a lymph node

A

Approx. 18 hours

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42
Q

A condition where lymph nodes are enlarged due to the accumulation of lymphocytes and other cells

A

Lymphadenopathy

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43
Q

Small polypeptides that regulate the functions of lymphocytes and other cells involved in the immune response

A

Cytokines

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44
Q

Receptor for HIV

A

CD4 (Helper T cells, monocytes, macrophages)

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45
Q

Involved in T-cell activation

A

CD2 (thymocytes, T cells, NK cells)

46
Q

Essential in T and B cells antigen-stimulated activation

A

CD45R (hematopoietic cells)

47
Q

The earliest B-cell precursor can be recognized by the presence of a surface molecule called

A

CD45R

48
Q

A phase where B-cell precursors go through a developmental process that prepares them for their role in antibody production and, at the same time, restricts the types of antigens to which any one cell can respond.

A

Antigen-independent phase

49
Q

Surface antigens of Pro-B cell as distinctive markers

A

CD19, CD45R, CD43, CD24, and c-kit

50
Q

Intracellular proteins found in Pro-B cell stage

A

Terminal deoxyribonucleotide Transferase (TdT)

51
Q

Acts as a coreceptor that helps reguate further B-cell developement and activation

A

CD19

52
Q

A membrane glycoprotein found on all hematopoietic cells that is the largest form found on B cells

A

CD45R

53
Q

Synthesis of the heavy chain part of the antibody molecule

A

pre-B stage

54
Q

The first heavy chains that are synthesized

A

μ chains (belongs to the IgM class)

55
Q

**

Chains that consist of two short polypeptide chains that are non-covalently associated with each other. They are not immunoglobin proteins but essential for regulating B-cell development

A

Surrogate light chain

56
Q

This receptor adheres to bone marrow stromal cell membranes and transmits a signal to prevent rearrangement of any other heavy-chain genes

A

Pre-B cell receptor

57
Q

This refers to when IgM or IgD becomes IgG

A

Isotype switching

58
Q

Distinguished by the appearance of complete IgM molecules on the cell surface

A

Immature B cells

59
Q

This indicates that rearrangement of the genetic sequence coding for light chains on either chromosome 2 or 22 has taken place by this time

A

Immature B cells

60
Q

Surface proteins that appear on the immature B cell include

A

CD21, CD40, and MHC class II molecules

61
Q

A process where many B cells capable of producing antibody to self-antigens are deleted from the marrow

A

Apoptosis or programmed cell death

62
Q

In the spleen, immature B cells develop into mature cells known as

A

marginal zone B cells

63
Q

Other immature B cells become _____________ , which are found in lymph nodes and other secondary organs

A

follicular B cells

64
Q

What cells remain in the spleen and what cells constantly recirculate throughout the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

marginal B cells; follicular B cells respectively

65
Q

In addition to IgM, all mature B cells exhibit this immunoglobulin, another class of antibody molecule, on their surface which is not required for B-cell function but may prolong the life span of mature B cells in the periphery

A

IgD

66
Q

A phase where a B cell is stimulated by antigen, it undergoes transformation to a blast stage, which eventually forms memory cells and antibody secreting plasma cells

A

antigen-dependent phase of B cell development

67
Q

Life span of B cells

A

Half-life of more than 6 weeks

68
Q

Surface marker for activated B cells

A

CD25

Life activates at age 25 < yes i know it begins at 30 pero baket ba >

69
Q

Growth factor produced by T-cells

A

Interleukin 2 (IL2)

70
Q

Give rise to both plasma cells and so called memory cells.

A

Activated B cells

71
Q

Spherical or ellipsoidal cells between 10 and 20 μm in size and are characterized by the presence of abundant cytoplasmic immunoglobulin and little to no surface immunoglobulin

A

Plasma cells

72
Q

The appearance of the plasma cell nucleus and chromatin

A

nucleus - eccentric or oval
chromatin - heavily clumped that stains darkly

73
Q

This represents the most fully differentiated lymphocyte, and its main function is antibody production

A

Plasma cells

74
Q

True or false. Plasma cells and memory cells are normally found in the blood.

A

False uy! Sa germinal center siya bestie. Tarungin mo ako!

75
Q

Increase in nonmalignant disorder such as in viral diseases

A

Plasma cells

76
Q

How many percent of circulating lymphocytes are T cells?

A

60-80%

77
Q

Lymphocyte precursors

A

Thymocytes

78
Q

Early surface markers on thymocytes that are committed to becoming T cells

A

CD25 or CD44

Si Belen nga 25 years old gusto na ma aunTIE nga 44 years old

79
Q

Early thymocytes lack CD4 and CD8 markers, which are important to their later function; hence they are known as

A

double-negative thymocytes

80
Q

At this second stage, when thymocytes express both CD4 and CD8 antigens, they are called

A

double positive stage

81
Q

Allows only double positive cells with functional TCR receptors to survive

A

positive selection

82
Q

Takes place among the surviving double-positive T cells

A

negative selection

83
Q

Mature T cells are survivors of selection that exhibit only one type of marker, either

A

CD4 or CD8

84
Q

Identify the surface marker:
“Inducer cells” MHC Class II

A

CD4

85
Q

Identify the surface marker:
“Cytotoxic cells” MHC Class I

A

CD8

86
Q

Th cells that produce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-beta (TNF-β), which protect cells against intracellular pathogens.

A

Th1 Cells

87
Q

Essential role of this Th cells is to help B cells produce antibody against extracellular pathogens

A

Th2 cells

88
Q

Identified by rosette formation with SRBCs

A

T cells

89
Q

Identified by surface immunoglobulin

A

B cells

90
Q

They have the ability to mediate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure to them

A

NK Cells

91
Q

True or False. The fact that NK cells lack specificity in their response is limiting to their function as early defenders against pathogens.

A

False. It is essential to their function because they can defend the body against any pathogen and that would give time for the acquired response to be activated.

92
Q

Allows NK cells to attach to and lyse any cells that are coated with antibody

A

CD16

93
Q

Protein expressed on all healthy cells

A

MHC Class I protein

94
Q

A signal given once it recognizes your MHC class I protein

A

Inhibitory signal

95
Q

Deliver signals to activate the cytotoxic mechanism.

A

Activating receptors

96
Q

The second method of destroying target cells is also available to NK cells. This time they recognize and lyse antibody coated cells to a process known as

A

Antibody-dependent cell
cytotoxicity

97
Q

Under antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, any target cell coated with this immunoglobulin can be bound and destroyed

A

IgG

98
Q

Pore-forming proteins that polymerize in the presence of Ca2+ and form channels in the target cell membrane

A

Perforins

99
Q

Packets of serine esterase enzymes that may enter through the channels and mediate cell lysis

A

Granzymes

100
Q

One of the most frequently used methods for obtaining lymphocytes is density gradient centrifugation with

A

Ficoll-Hypaque

101
Q

Specific gravity of Ficoll-Hypaque

A

1.077 - 1.14

102
Q

The rosette technique uses

A

RBCs from sheep

103
Q

It is considered a rosette if

A

three or more RBCs are attached to a lymphocyte

104
Q

Receptor on T cells responsible for rosetting with sheep red blood cells

A

CD2

105
Q

The principle leukocyte associated with phagocytosis and localized inflammatory response.

A

Neutrophils

106
Q

The movement of granulocytes from the circulating pool to the peripheral tissue is called

A

diapedesis

107
Q

A homeostatic regulator of inflammation that has the ability to kill certain parasites.

A

Eosinophils

108
Q

It has high concentration of heparin and histamine in their granules which play a role in acute system hypersensitivity reactions.

A

Basophils

109
Q

Produced by basophils that are able to mediate inflammatory functions of leukocytes

A

leukotrienes

110
Q

Constituent demonstrating no change in activated macrophages

A

Lysozyme

SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR (39 decks)

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