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SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR > MYCO & VIROLOGY L6 (Semis- Respiratory Viruses) > Flashcards

MYCO & VIROLOGY L6 (Semis- Respiratory Viruses) Flashcards

Jannine was here :P

1
Q

An isolate whose genome sequence differs from that of a reference virus

A

Variant

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2
Q

A virus isolated from an infected host and propagated in culture

A

Isolate

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3
Q

A variant that possesses unique and stable phenotypic characteristics

A

Strain

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4
Q

Describe viruses of the same species that are antigenically different

A

Serotype

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5
Q

Genetic makeup of the virus

A

Genotype

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6
Q

Examples or Characteristics of a Strain

A
  1. A variant that binds to a different receptor
  2. Binds more strongly to a receptor
  3. Ability to replicate quickly
  4. Higher transmissibility
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7
Q

MOT: less than 5 micrometer in diameter, suspended in the air for a significant period , travel distance greater than 1 meter

A

Airborn or small droplet of nuclei

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7
Q

IDENTIFY VIRUS BASED ON RECEPTOR: ICAM-1

A

Poliovirus & Rhinovirus

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7
Q

MOT of Respiratory viruses (3pts)

A
  1. Droplets
  2. Fomites
  3. Airborne or small droplets of nuclei
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7
Q

IDENTIFY VIRUS BASED ON RECEPTOR: HVEM

A

Herpes

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7
Q

IDENTIFY VIRUS BASED ON RECEPTOR: Human Nucleolin (NCL)

A

Respiratory Snycytial Virus (RSV)

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7
Q

MOT: Greater than 5 micrometer in diameter o travel distance in less than 1 meter on the ground

A

Droplet

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7
Q

IDENTIFY VIRUS BASED ON RECEPTOR: CD4

A

HIV

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7
Q

T or F: Respiratory viruses affect all age groups

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Respiratory viruses are viruses that cause infection in the respiratory tract through invasion of the?

A

respiratory mucosa

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8
Q

IDENTIFY VIRUS BASED ON RECEPTOR: HUMAN ACE-2

A

COVID-19

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9
Q

IDENTIFY VIRUS BASED ON RECEPTOR: Acetylcholine

A

Rabies

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10
Q

IDENTIFY VIRUS BASED ON RECEPTOR: EGF

A

Vaccinia

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10
Q

IDENTIFY VIRUS BASED ON RECEPTOR: CR2/CD21

A

Epstein-Barr

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11
Q

IDENTIFY VIRUS BASED ON RECEPTOR: Sialic Acid

A

Parainfluenza, Reo, Influenza, Corona (PRIC)

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11
Q

IDENTIFY VIRUS BASED ON RECEPTOR: DDP40

A

MERS-COV

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12
Q

IDENTIFY TARGET CELL BASED ON VIRUS:
Q1: Avian Influenza A

Q2: RSV, Adenovirus, Coronavirus, Influenza Virus

A

Q1: Ciliated epithelial cells

Q2: Type 2 Pneumocyte

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12
Q

IDENTIFY TARGET CELL BASED ON VIRUS:
Q1: RSV & Adenovirus

Q2: Human Influenza Virus

A

Q1: Type 1 Pneumocyte

Q2: Non-ciliated epithelial cells

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13
Q

Cytopathic effect of Adenovirus

A

Lysis

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14
Q

Cytopathic effect of Influenza virus

A

Replicons in the cell (nucleus only)

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14
Q

Cytopathic effect of RSV and PIV

A

replicons in the cell (nucleus & cytoplasm)

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15
Q

Cytopathic effect of Influenza A & Coronavirus

A

Apoptosis

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16
Q

Cytopathic effect of Negri bodies (rabies), Adenovirus, and RSV

A

manifest as Inclusions

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17
Q

Cytopathic effect of Coronavirus

A

Replicons in the cell (cytoplasm only)

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18
Q

Identify:
- Naked, dsDNA
- Incubation: 2 days – 2 weeks

A

Adenovirus

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18
Q

State the Family & Genus:
1. Adenovirus
2. RSV

A
  1. Family- adenoviridae
    Genus- mastadenovirus
  2. Family- Paramyxoviridae
    Genus- pneumovirus
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19
Q

State the Family & Genus:
3. Influenza
4. Parainfluenza
5. Coronavirus

A
  1. Family- Orthomyxoviridae
    Genus- Thogotovirus (based on google)
  2. Family- Paramyxoviridae
    Genus- Paramyxovirus (PIV 1&3) or Rubulavirus (PIV 2&4)
  3. Family- Coronaviridae
    Genus- Coronavirus
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19
Q

Treatment & If Vaccine is available:
1. Adenovirus
2. RSV
3. Influenza

A
  1. Treatment- not stated; adenovirus vaccine for serotype 4 and 7
  2. Treatment- Ribavirin, Palivizumab (severe cases)
    No vaccines
  3. Treatment- Not stated; no vaccine
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20
Q

Common cold and Mild and self-limiting

A

Adenovirus

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20
Q

Treatment & If Vaccine is available:
4. Parainfluenza
5. Coronavirus (SARS-COV)

A
  1. Treatment- Aerosolized ribavirin
    No vaccine available
  2. Treatment- Remdesivr (Veklury), Paxlovid, and Molnupiravir
    Vaccine is available
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20
Q

Peak seasons: winter and early spring

A
  • Adenovirus & RSV
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21
Q

How many serotypes are there in Adenovirus?

A

51 serotypes

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21
Q

In severe cases of this virus include 10% pneumonia or 5-15% gastroenteritis in children

A

Adenovirus

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21
Q

Common Serotypes of Adenovirus

A

Serotypes 1-8, 11, 21, 35, 37, 40

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22
Q

Serotypes of Adenovirus that cause epidemic keratoconjunctivitis

A

8, 19, 37

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23
Q

Serotypes of Adenovirus that cause pharyngoconjunctival fever

A

3, 7, 4

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23
Q

IDENTIFY VIRUS:

1) 70-90 nm icosahedral, 20 triangular facts; 12 versticles; 252 capsomes

2) Enveloped (-) nonsegmented ssRNA; Spherical 150-300nm

3) Enveloped, pleomorphic morphology; Positive (+) strand RNA viruses with exceptionally large genome sizes (up to 31 kb)

4) Enveloped, ssRNA, Spherical; 15-250 nm

5) RNA virus, genome consists of 8 segments

A

1) Adenovirus
2) Parainfluenza
3) Coronavirus
4) RSV
5) Influenza

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24
Q

Serotypes ofAdenovirus that are commonly associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARD)

A

3, 4, 7, 21

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25
Q

Continuous cell lines obtain in tumors (human lung carcinoma)

A

A549

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25
Q

IDENTIFY: Major capsid proteins
1) connects the hexon and fiber
2) for attachment to the host
3) forms the capsid

A

1) Penton
2) Fiber
3) Hexon

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26
Q

Direct fluorescence antibody staining is used in microscopy for detecting what viruses?

A

Adenovirus, RSV (respiratory secretions), and Parainfluenza (respiratory secretions)

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27
Q

Enzyme immunoassay and commercial antigen detection kit are used in serology for detecting what viruses?

A

Adenovirus & RSV

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28
Q

Enzyme immunoassays and hemadsorption techniques are used in serology for detecting what virus?

A

Parainfluenza

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29
Q

The most sensitive test for detection of Adenovirus

A

Nucleic acid-based PCR (body fluids and tissues)

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30
Q

Nucleic acid-based PCR is used for molecular bio for detecting what viruses?

A

Adenovirus, RSV, Parainfluenza

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31
Q

Spx used for isolating adenovirus

A

throat and conjunctival swab, respiratory secretions

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31
Q

Spx used for cell culturing adenovirus

A

Human Embryonic Kidney & A549

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32
Q

Its diagnosis includes grape-like clusters, and signs and symptoms

A

Adenovirus

33
Q

The A & B subtypes of RSV are based on _____________ with monoclonal antibodies

A

F & G protein reactivity

34
Q

The most common subtype of RSV

35
Q

INCUBATION PERIOD OF EACH VIRUS:
1) Adenovirus
2) RSV
3) Influenza
4) Parainfluenza
5) Corona (Sars-Cov)

A

1) 2 days- 2 weeks
2) 2-8 days
3) not stated
4) 1-7 days
5) 14 days: median time of 4-5 days

36
Q

A transmembrane protein that binds to the receptor of RSV

A

Fusion glycoproteins (F)

37
Q

A transmembrane protein of RSV that is involved in pathogenesis and prevents apoptosis of the host cell

A

Small hydrophobic protein (H)

38
Q

A transmembrane protein of RSV that is responsible for the stability and rigidity, it is located in inner envelope

39
Q

Common to severe lower respiratory tract disease (bronchiolitis and pneumonia) among infants and <1 y/o worldwide

40
Q

Critical cases of this virus include: Premature infants, children with comorbidities, and transplant recipient

41
Q

Attacks ciliated columnar epithelial cells. From nasopharyngeal to distal bronchi

42
Q

Causative agents of Croup, Viral bronchitis and bronchiolitis, and Pneumonia

43
Q

Spx for isolating RSV

A

nasopharyngeal swabs and washings

44
Q

Spx for cell culturing RSV

A

HEP2 & A529 > CPE2

45
Q

RSV is capable of forming?

46
Q

Fusion of infected cells into a large multinucleated syncytium

47
Q

Infection does not confer immunity → MULTIPLE INFECTIONS THROUGHOUT LIFE

48
Q

In RSV, Asymptomatic adults may carry the virus in the?

A

nares (nostrils)

49
Q

An RNA virus, the genome consists of 8 segments. Enveloped virus with haemagglutinin and neuraminidase spikes

A

Influenza virus

50
Q

Influenza viruses are distinguished using these two major structural proteins

A
  • Matrix Proteins (M)
  • Nucleoprotein (NP)
51
Q

How many types of influenza viruses are there?

A

3 types: A, B, and C

However, there is a type D but it only infects cattle, not humans.

52
Q

Influenza A is classified into subtypes using these two major surface glycoproteins

A
  • Hemagglutinin (H)
  • Neuraminidase (N)
53
Q

Its genome consists of 7 ssRNA segments, lacking the gene coding for Neuraminidase

A

Influenza C

53
Q

IDENTIFY: Capable of causing mild upper respiratory illness in humans. The virus enveloped

A

Influenza C

54
Q

IDENTIFY:
- Virus infections, which also can occur seasonally, are usually less common than influenza A virus infections. Its epidemics can occur every few years

A

Influenza B

55
Q

This is more stable genetically compared to influenza A

A

Influenza C

55
Q

IDENTIFY: Remains one of the most crucial health problems worldwide

A

Influenza A

56
Q

Because of this, influenza C is less prone to major changes in infectivity

A

Reassortment

56
Q

Carried by different species of birds and mammals then influence the season of the Southern Hemisphere (May-October and in the Northern Hemisphere (November- April)

A

seasonal Influenza

56
Q

Originate as ZOONOTIC INFECTIONS (started from lower form of animals). Have a worldwide distribution

57
Q

In influenza, this is used to bind to host cells

A

Hemagglutinin (H) antigen

57
Q

In influenza, this will be the one to cleave budding virus from infected cells

A

Neuraminidase (N) antigen

57
Q

In charge of divide budding viruses from infected cells in influenza

58
Q

How many H and N antigens are in influenza viruses

A

16 H antigens (H1 to H16) and 9 N antigens (N1 to N9)

59
Q

The human infection of influenza usually occurs with what H antigens?

A

H1, H2, and H3

60
Q

The human infection of influenza usually occurs with what N antigens?

61
Q

The major change in antigenic structure as mutation accumulate

A

Antigenic drift

62
Q

Surface antigens of Parainfluenza virus

A
  • Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN)
  • Fusion (F) antigen
63
Q

2nd most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children

A

Parainfluenza virus

Note: Ang 1st kay ang RSV

64
Q

Manifest Rhinitis, pharyngitis, laryngotracheitis, bronchiolitis & pneumonia

A

Parainfluenza virus

65
Q

A subtype of parainfluenza that is the primary cause of croup (laryngotracheobronchitis) in children

66
Q

A subtype of parainfluenza that causes mild respiratory tract infection

67
Q

Subtype/s of parainfluenza that cause the most serious illness in children between 2-4 years old

A

PIV 1 & PIV 2

68
Q

A subtype of parainfluenza that causes bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants; associated with otitis media

69
Q

Parainfluenza subtype/s that is/are common during cold weather

A

PIV 1, 2, 4

70
Q

Parainfluenza subtype that occurs almost every year (spring and summer; year-round)

71
Q

Parainfluenza subtype that occurs every 2 years alternating with PIV1

72
Q

Parainfluenza subtype that has a lower incidence than 1 and 3

73
Q

Spx used for detecting parainfluenza

A

Nasopharyngeal swabs, washings and aspirates

73
Q

Glycoprotein spikes of:
a) Parainfluenza
b) Influenza

A

a) Parainfluenza: Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and Fusion (F)

b) Influenza: haemagglutinin and neuraminidase

74
Q

Parainfluenza subtype that occurs seldom

75
Q

Spx used for cell culturing parainfluenza

A

PMK & LLC-MMK2 (rhesus monkey kidney epithelial cell)

76
Q

What are the 2 serogroups of Coronaviridae?

77
Q

Are enveloped helical viruses with sRNA

A

Coronaviridae

77
Q

Responsible for small percentage of pediatric diarrhea cases and the illness lasts about 1 week and a club may appear in the stool in child

A

Few coronavirus

77
Q

The causative agent of a pandemic respiratory disease that emerged from Hongkong in late 2002

A

Novel coronavirus

78
Q

During 6 mos period, novel coronavirus infections spread rapidly to 26 countries. The virus affected at least _________ and had a mortality rate of approximately _____ and that was in 2002

A

8,000 people; 10%

79
Q

Characteristics of the disease include high fever, pneumonia, and some patients have acute respiratory distress syndrome. It turned to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

A

Coronaviridae

80
Q

Targets the epithelial cells of gastrointestinal tract

81
Q

Enumerate at least 3 other organ systems affected by SARS infection

A
  • Spleen
  • Lymph nodes
  • Digestive tract
  • Urogenital tract
  • CNS
  • Bone marrow
  • Heart
82
Q

Can also be isolated from urine and feces suggesting a potential route of infection

83
Q

Detection methods for SARS-COV

A
  • Electron microscopy
  • ELISA
  • RT-PCR
  • Antibody detection by Western Blot
84
Q

In what year was a SARS-like virus linked to severe respiratory tract infection in the middle east (MERSCOV)?

84
Q

Has the same symptoms as to the SARS-COV

85
Q

MERSCOV was reported in?

A

Baoding, China

86
Q

Most of the known animal coronaviruses display a ______for epithelial cells of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract

86
Q

Coronavirus infections in humans usually, but not always, remain limited to the?

A

upper respiratory tract

86
Q

Control measures for stopping the spread of SARS

A
  • Isolation of px
  • Quarantine of those who had been exposed
  • Travel restrictions
  • Use of gloves, gowns, goggles, and respirators by healthcare workers
87
Q

Most common diagnostic approach for the identification of corona viruses

A
  1. Amplification and detection of virus-specific RNA
  2. Assays using a one- or two-step RT-PCR procedure for the amplification stage
  3. Other nucleic acid-based tests include isothermal amplification methods and loop-mediated amplification assays
88
Q

Asymptomatic to moderate-severe cases of SARS-COV. Give at least three

A
  • Fever
  • chills
  • rhinorrhea
  • sore throat
  • cough
  • fatigue
  • body malaise
  • anosmia
  • ageusia
  • diarrhea
89
Q

Critical cases of SARS-COV

A

respiratory failure, shock, multi-organ system dysfunction

90
Q

Which of the following is not a commonly known respiratory virus?
A. Influenza
B. RSV
C. HSV
D. Rhinovirus

91
Q

Which of the following is an effective preventive measure against respiratory viruses?
A. Getting vaccinated annually
B. Avoiding close contact with infected individuals
C. Consuming raw garlic regularly
D. Washing hands with cold water

A

B. Avoiding close contact with infected individuals

92
Q

The following are surface antigens of Parainfluenza virus, except for what?
A. Hemagglutinin-N
B. F antigen
C. Both
D. None

93
Q

Which of the following parainfluenza viruses is most common during cold weather?
A. PIV 5
B. PIV 4
C. PIV 3
D. A & C only
F. All of the above
G. None

A

B. PIV 4

PIV 1, 2, 4 are common in cold weather

94
Q

Bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants
A. PIV 1
B. PIV 2
C. PIV 3
D. PIV 4

95
Q

Croup
A. PIV 1
B. PIV 2
C. PIV 3
D. PIV 4

96
Q

Treatment includes Remdesivr
A. RSV
B. Coronaviridae
C. Parainfluenza
D. Influenza

A

B. Coronaviridae

97
Q

This is the preferred sample for nucleic acid assays
A. Serum
B. Bronchoalveolar lavage
C. Swabs
D. Tissues
E. None of the above

A

D. Tissues

SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR (39 decks)

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