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SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR > ImmunoSero Lab (Midterm - Ag & Ab Reaction) > Flashcards

ImmunoSero Lab (Midterm - Ag & Ab Reaction) Flashcards

1
Q

Specificity of antigen-antibody reactions

A

highly specific

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2
Q

reacts only with antibodies produced by itself or with closely related antigens

A

antigens

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3
Q

Recognize molecular shapes (epitopes) on antigens

A

Antibodies

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4
Q

The ____________ fit of the epitope, the more ____________ the interactions will be formed between the antibody and antigen and the ____________ the affinity of the antibody for antigen.

A

better fit
more favourable interactions
higher affinity

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5
Q

Salient features of Ag-Ab Reaction

A
  1. Specificity of antigen-antibody
  2. Immune complex
  3. Binding site of antigen-antibody reaction
  4. Binding force of antigen-antibody reaction
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6
Q

Salient feature of Ag-Ab Reaction:

Each antibody binds to a specific antigen where its interaction is similar to lock and key.

A

Specificity of antignen-antibody

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7
Q

Salient feature of Ag-Ab Reaction:

  1. Ag + Ab —> Ag-Ab complex
  2. Molecule formed from the binding of multiple
    antigens to antibodies
  3. The bound antigen and antibody act as a
    unitary object, effectively an antigen of its
    own with a specific epitope
A

Immune complex

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8
Q

Salient feature of Ag-Ab Reaction:

In Ag-Ab reaction, the Ab attaches with the
Antigen

A

Binding site of antigen-antibody reaction

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9
Q

The part of the antigen which combines with the antibody which is also known as antigenic determinant

A

epitope

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10
Q

The epitope is recognized by the immune system, specifically by:

A

Antibodies
B cells
T cells

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11
Q

The part of the antibody that recognized the epitope

A

Paratope

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12
Q

3 Factors (Binding force of Ag-Ab reaction)

A
  1. Closeness between Ag and Ab
  2. Affinity of antibody
  3. Non-covalent bonds of intermolecular forces
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13
Q

When antigen and antibody are ____________ the strength of binding is great; when they are ____________ binding strength is low.

A) apart; closely fit
B) closely fit; apart

A

B) closely fit; apart

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14
Q

These bonds hold the antigen to the antibody combining site

A

Noncovalent bonds

These include:
Hydrogen bonds
Electrostatic bonds
Van der Waals forces
Hydrophobic bonds

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14
Q

Strength of the reaction between a single antigenic determinant and a single combining site on the antibody

A

Affinity

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15
Q

Properties of antigen-antibody reactions

A
  1. Antibody affinity
  2. Antibody avidity
  3. Cross Reaction
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16
Q

Measure of the binding strength at a single binding site

A

affinity

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17
Q

Measure of total or overall strength

A

avidity

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18
Q

Application of Ag-Ab reaction:
(DDD ST)

A
  1. Determination of blood groups for transfusion
  2. Determining the characteristics of certain immunodeficiency disease
  3. Development of immunoassays for the quantification of various substances
  4. Serological exposure to infectious agents
  5. To detect the presence or absence of protein in serum
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19
Q

Types of Ag-Ab Reactions:
APICE IRI

A
  1. Agglutination
  2. Precipitation
  3. Immunofluorescence
  4. Complement fixation
  5. ELISA
  6. Immunofixation
  7. Radioimmunoassay
  8. Immunoelectrophoresis
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20
Q

A type of reaction when a particular Ag is mixed with its Ab’s in the presence of electrolytes at a suitable temperature and pH; the particles are clumped or agglutinated

A

Agglutination

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21
Q

The Ab of the serum causes the cellular Ag’s to form clumps and these are called

A

agglutinins

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22
Q

The participate antigens that are aggregated

A

agglutinogens

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23
Q

Rapid method to determine the presence of agglutinating antibodies

A

Slide agglutination

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24
This is a **standard method** for quantitative estimation of Ab
Tube agglutination
25
This is the test used for **blood grouping** and **cross matching**
slide agglutination
26
This indicates that test in slide agglutination is **positive**
granulation
27
The tube showing highest agglutination
Titer
28
Employed for the serological diagnosis of **Typhoid, Brucellosis, Typhus fever**
Tube agglutination
29
Agglutination Principle
Particulate + antibody Lattice formation
30
**Antigen binds with FAB sites of two antibodies** forming bridges between antigens resulting to clumping
Lattice Formation
31
Direct agglutination
Blood Banks
32
In passive hemagglutination, this is used to treat RBCs to allow adsorption of protein antigens
tannic acid
33
Antigen in reagent is attached to latex particle
Passive latex agglutination
34
Steps for agglutination inhibition
**Step 1:** Patient serum (antigen) is reacted with limited amount of antibody reaction **Step 2:** Indicator is added (same antigen for which you are testing bound to RBC or latex carrier particle
35
A positive test for agglutination inhibition
no agglutination
36
Negative test for agglutination inhibition
agglutination
37
Inhibition reactions: Q1: Hemagglutination inhibition test is for .... Q2: Latex agglutination inhibition test is for ...
Rubella B.; other viruses respectively
38
When a soluble Ag combines with its Ab in the presence of an electrolyte (NaCl) at a particular temperature and pH. It forms an insoluble precipitate of Ag-Ab complex
Precipitation
39
The antibody causing precipitation
Precipitin
40
Reaction of precipitin
precipitation reaction
41
Precipitation principle
soluble antigen + antibody Lattice formation
42
Antigen binds with Fab sites of two antibodies and a visible precipitate is observed.
Lattice formation
43
Double diffusion
ouchterlony
44
Single diffusion
Radial immunodiffusion
45
Examples of precipitation reaction
Double diffusion Single diffusion Immunoelectrophoresis Immunofixation
46
Nonspecific unstable components of fresh serum for lysis of RBC or bacteria
complement
47
Steps for complement fixation
1. Antibody and antigen allow to combine in presence of complement 2. Indicator is added (SRBC coated with **hemolysin**)
48
Positive and negative test for complement fixation
Positive: no hemolysis Negative: hemolysis
49
Limitations of complement fixation 1. Serum must be ____________________ 2. Stored serum becomes ____________ 3. Elaborate ________________ and ________________ required 4. Only used for ________________ antibodies
1. Serum must be **heat inactivated** 2. Stored serum becomes **anticomplementary** 3. Elaborate **QC** and **standardization** required 4. Only used for **IgM**antibodies
50
Complement is inactivated by
heating to 56oC for 30 minutes or after 4 hours reinactivated by heating for 10 minutes
51
Sandwich technique
Enzyme Link Immunoassay (EIA/ELISA)
52
Antibodies involved in ELISA
Monoclonal and Polyclonal antibodies
53
Monoclonal or polyclonal antibody are adsrobed on this surface
solid surface (bead or microtiter well)
54
Its presence in serum binds to antibody-coated bead or well
antigen
55
Forms antigen-antibody labelled antibody "sandwich"
Antibody conjugate (?)
56
Antibody in conjugate is ________________ against another epitope of antigen being assayed.
directed
57
Important in ELISA for each step to avoid false positive results
Washing (Proper)
58
In ELISA, absorbance is ________________ proportional to antigen concentration.
directly
59
Examples of ELISA application (HATS)
HIV testing Serum HCG -pregnancy Tests for hepatitis Ag and Ab Antibodies to bacteria and viruses
60
Property of absorbing light rays of one particular wavelength and emitting rays with a different wave length.
fluorescence
61
show up brightly under UV light as they convert into visible light
Fluorescent dyes
62
Added to patient tissue in **direct** immunofluorescence (IF)
fluorescein-labelled **antibody**
63
Added to patient serum and reagent in **Indirect** immunofluorescence
fluorescein labelled **antiglobulin**
64
Examples of Indirect immunofluorescence
A. Testing for Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) B. Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Test (FTA-Abs)
65
Very sensitive and specific used for detecting antigen or antibody
Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
66
Unlabelled and labelled antigen compete for binding with antibody
Competitive binding assay
67
Done to remove unbound antigen
Wash
68
The ________________ the radioactive count, the ________________ the concentration of unlabelled antigen.
Lower, higher
69
A series of points that are arranged in a distinct pattern
lattice
70
Nonlattice (More Sensitive)
**Immunoassays** *RIA (Radial immunoassay) EIA (Enzyme immunoassay) FIA (Fluorescent immunoassay)* **Nepholometry**
71
Lattice (Less sensitive)
1. CIE (Counter Current Immunoelectrophoresis): CF - complement fixa**tion** Agglutina**tion** Floccula**tion** (precipita**tion**) 2. Rocket eletrophoresis 3. RID (Radial immunodiffusion) 4. Ouchterlony (Double immunodiffusion) 5. IFE (Immunofixation) 6. IEP (Immunoelectrophoresis)
72
Value for nonlattice (more sensitive)
0.001 mg/ml
73
Value for lattice (less sensitive)
500 mg/ml

SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR (39 decks)

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