BB LEC PRELIMS Flashcards
1
Q
In 1492, a physician bled three young boys and have an ill ________________ drink the blood.
A
Pope Innocent VIII
2
Q
He used a quill of a goose attached to a bladder to demonstrate that the intravenous injections of substances into animals had systemic
effects.
A
Architect Sir Christopher Wren
3
Q
was the first to perform ABO typing and began compatibility testing. He also suggested
the inheritance of ABO types.
A
Dr. Richard Weil
4
Q
discovered the ABO blood group
A
Dr. Karl Landsteiner
5
Q
Sodium Citrate was discovered in ____
A
1914
6
Q
First Blood donor service was established by
A
Percy Oliver
7
Q
Antibody screen was officially regarded as part of routine testing in ______
A
1950s
8
Q
Main stars of Immunology are
A
Lymphocytes
9
Q
First line of defense
A
- Unbroken Skin
- Mucus membrane
- Sebum from Sebaceous glands
- Lactic acid in sweat
- Earwax
- Excretion of Solids and Liquids (feces/urine)
- Acidity of Stomach, Intestines, and Vagina
- Cilia in respiratory tract
- Tears (With IgA)
- Saliva
10
Q
Non-specific, No exposure required, No
memory
A
Natural Immunity
11
Q
Specific, can Recognize, can Remember, can Respond
A
Adaptive Immunity
12
Q
Benefit of Adaptive Immunity
A
Acquire Immunologic Memory
13
Q
Recognized as a foreign body; Can be a Protein, Carbohydrate, or Lipid
A
Antigen
14
Q
antigens of the host; no reaction in normal circumstances
A
Autoantigens
14
Q
antigen of the others
A
Alloantigens
15
Q
antigens from other species
A
Heteroantigens
16
Q
part of the Antigen that reacts with Antibody
A
epitope
17
Q
Responsible for the specificity of the antigen
A
epitope
18
Q
“Partial antigen”
Non-immunogenic alone (it needs a carrier)
A
Haptens
19
Q
responsible for the molecular weight of the antigen (usually over 10,000 Daltons)
A
carrier
20
Q
Formerly “Human Leukocyte Antigen” encoded from the gene found in short arm of Chromosome 6
A
Major Histocompatibility Complex
21
Q
Can cause an immune response if transplanted
A
Major Histocompatibility Complex
22
Q
Brings antigen to cell surface for recognition by T-cells
A
Major Histocompatibility Complex
23
Q
2 classes of Major Histocompatibility Complex
A
Class I
Class II
24
- High levels on nucleated cells including lymphocytes
- Low levels in the liver, Neural, Muscle, and Sperm cells
- Recognized by Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+)
- HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-E
CLASS I
25
- More Restricted
- Found on B-cells, Macrophage, Dendritic Cells (APC)
- Process extracellularly derived antigen
- Recognized by T-Helper cells (CD4+)
- HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR
CLASS II
26
Molecules that bind to Antigen and is very specific
Antibodies
27
Y-shaped with 4 protein chains (2 Identical light chains and 2 heavy chains
connected by disulfide bonds)
Antibodies
28
Upper regions with Antigen binding sites - “N-terminal”
Variable regions
29
Lower portion of the “Y” arm
Constant regions
30
Stem of the monomer, binds complement or cells
FC regions
31
Located between CH1 and CH2 (binds complement C1q)
- Connects 2 FAB regions and FC portion
Hinge region
32
Flexible due to high numbers of Proline
Hinge region
33
Protein with around 440 amino acids and a MW of 40-50K daltons
Heavy chains
34
Constant region of H chains is unique and gives the antibody its name
Heavy chains
35
Genes that code for H chains are in _________
Chromosome 14
36
With the Kappa and Lambda chains
Light chains
37
Kappa is with ____ amino acids
214
38
Lambda is with ____ amino acids
213
39
Largest antibody with molecular weight of
900 000 Daltons
Immunoglobulin M
40
A Pentamer named after it heavy chain “µ heavy chain”
IgM
41
First antibody made by infants
IgM
42
IgM reacts best in what temperature
at Room Temperature and/or Cold temperature
43
First Antibody produced during infection,
Last to leave
IgM
44
With a Delta Heavy chain, and has a molecular weight of 180 000 Daltons
Immunoglobulin D
45
Second type of IG to appear
IgD
46
Heat and acid labile, and is susceptible to proteolysis
IgD
47
Monomer found on B-cell surface, Blood, and Lymph
IgD
48
IgA is found in serum as a __________
Monomer
49
IgA is found in secretions as a _______
Dimer
50
Antibody that protects mucosal surfaces,
“Major secretory IG” (Tears, Saliva, Milk)
IgA
51
2 Types of IgA
IgA1
IgA2
52
Molecular weight of IgA
160 000 - 400 000 daltons
53
Major serum Immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulin G
54
Binds FC receptors, Activates complement, neutralizes toxins, and enhances phagocytosis.
Immunoglobulin G
55
A monomer with Gamma Heavy chain
IgG
56
Main antibody in secondary response
IgG
57
IgG reacts best in what temperature
Body temperature
58
Can travel to the placenta and protect newborns
IgG
59
A monomer with an extra domain, molecular
weight is 190 000 Daltons
Immunoglobulin E
60
Plasma cells that produces IgE is usually on the ______
Lungs and Skin
61
IgE is bound to _______ and ________
Mast Cells and Basophils
62
Binds to FC receptors of Eosinophils for the
Major basic Protein
IgE
63
Antibody for allergy (Type 1hypersensitivity), and parasitic infections
IgE
64
Polypeptide products of activated cells
Cytokines
65
Controls cellular response and regulates the immune system (innate and adaptive response)
Cytokines
66
Cytokines binds to ______
target cell receptors
67
Polypeptide products of activated cells
Cytokines
68
Enumerate the five Cytokines
1. Interleukins
2. Interferons
3. Stem Cell Factors
4. Tumor Necrosis Factors
5. Chemokines
69
Non-specific proteins
Complement
70
Completes the process of Antibody-Antigen complex
Complement
71
Most of the complement are synthesized in the ____
Liver
72
Complement reacts at pH: ___ and at Temp of ______
pH: 7.2 - 7.4
Temp: 30-37C
73
3 known pathways of complement
1. Classical pathway
2. Alternative pathway
3. Lectin pathway
74
What the effects of Complement
1. Chemotaxis
2. Lysis of Cells
3. Mediators
4. Opsonization
5. Increase Vascular Permeability
75
Participate in the process of cellular immunity
T-lymphocytes
76
Participate in the process of humoral immunity
B-lymphocytes
77
Natural cytotoxicity against cancer cells and virus infected cells
NK-lymphocytes
78
Lives as immature “Thymocytes” in the
Thymus
T-cells
79
60-80% of Circulating lymphocytes
T-cells
80
Thymocytes then matures as ______ and actively proliferates by the help of _______
Double negative Thymocytes; Interleukin 7
81
Double negative Thymocytes matures to ______________ (CD4+ and CD8+
cells)
Double Positive Thymocytes
82
T-helper cells is also known as
"Inducer cells" , "CD4+ cells"
83
Recognize antigen with MHC-II (found on surface of APC)
T-helper cells
84
due to expression of IL-12 by dendritic cells
Th1
85
development regulated by Interleukin 4
Th2
86
regulate activity of Th1 and Th2
T regulatory cells
87
For cell mediated immunity
Th1
88
For antibody mediated immunity; Helps B-cells produce antibodies
Th2
89
From IL10 responsive naive T-cells; CD25
T regulatory cells
90
"CD8 cells"
Cytotoxic T-cells
91
Destroys target cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
92
Kills cancer cells and destroys transplanted tissue
Cytotoxic T-cells
93
Cytotoxic T-cells produced _________ and targets cells by lysing the target cells
Perforin
94
Shuts down the immune response; Controls/Inhibit antibody production
T-suppressor cells
95
Markers of T-suppressor cells
CD2, CD3, and CD8 markers
96
Develops in the bone marrow
B-cells
97
B-cells matures to ________ to produce antibodies
Plasma cells
98
MHC class of B-cells
class II
99
Other names for Natural Killer Cells
"Third population"
"Kiss of death"
"Null cells"
"Granular lymphocytes"
100
Small population of Lymphocytes that does not express markers for T-cells or B-cells
Natural Killer Cells
101
Non-specific; Usually kills virally infected cells and Cancer cells
Natural Killer Cells
102
Branch of Biology that deals with molecular structures of cells
Molecular Biology
103
linear polymers composed of bases, sugars, and phosphate
Nucleic acids
104
a unique content of genetic information
Genome
105
sites in the genome that vary among different
individuals
Genetic polymorphism
106
carriers of genetic information; Thread-like material of the nucleus
Chromosomes
107
position of the genes in a chromosome
"Loci"
108
synthesis of RNA from a DNA template
Transcription
109
Transcription is mediated by _______________
DNA dependent RNA polymerase or “RNA polymerase”
110
Catalyze formation of phosphodiester bonds that links the nucleotides together to form a linear chain
RNA polymerase
111
an RNA with an equal length to the DNA
“Primary Transcript” or “Pre-RNA”
112
genes with intervening sequences
Split genes
113
long sequence of genes that are removed during RNA processing
Introns
114
short sequence that consist of functional genes
Exons
115
removal of introns from the newly synthesized RNA
RNA splicing
116
Mature RNA are translated to its respective amino acid to form proteins. This method is called _______
Translation
117
Number of blood group system and blood antigens
33; 300 respectively
118
Blood groups that are composed of antigens made up of **glycoproteins or glycolipids**
ABO, P, Lewis, H, I, and MNS
119
T or F. The remaining blood group systems has antigens that are indirect consequences of amino acid variation in the protein sequence.
False. *antigens that are direct
120
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
1. Gene deletion
2. insertion
3. intergenic recombination
4. substitution
5. translocation; and
6. duplication
121
Shape of RBC membrane to allow a close to maximum surface to volume ratio and optimal gaseous exchange.
biconcave shape
122
Functions of RBC Membrane
1. Deformability
2. Osmotic Balance
3. Support for Antigens
4. Gas Exchange
123
Controls the active transport of Na+ and K+ in the cell
Na+ K+ pump
124
Intracelluar ratio of Na and K
1:12
125
Extracellular ratio of Na and K
25:1
126
Percentage of Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates in the RBC membrane.
Proteins: 50%
Lipids: 40%
Carbohydrates: 10%
127
Proteins found in the **outer surface** to the entire membrane including the inner cytoplasmic side that support the CHO defined blood group antigens
Integral protein (Transmembranous)
128
Produced by Component A and Glycophorin A which gives the RBC a negative charge for Zeta potential.
Sialic acid
129
Other integral proteins
Glycophorin B
Glycophorin C
Anion-Exchange-Channel Proteins
130
A type of protein that forms the cytoskeleton and is found in the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane.
Peripheral Protein (Skeletal)
131
For normal RBC membrane
Spectrin and Actin
132
How many amino acids does each alpha and beta spectrin have that forms a helix shape sheath?
106
133
Spectrin and actin are fixed into the membrane by the protein called ...
Ankyrin
134
Ca2+ ATPase is for calcium flow and is controlled by
Calmodulin
135
Other peripheral proteins
Ankyrin
Protein 4.1
Adducin
Dematin
Tropomyosin
Tropomodulin
136
The distribution of lipids depends on these enzymes
Flippases, Floppases, Scramblases
137
Major constituents of the external surface of lipids.
Phosphatidylcholine
Sphingomyelin
138
Major constituents of the internal surface of lipids
Phosphatidlyserine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylinositol
139
Lipids in esterified form which confers tensil strength to the lipid bilayer and is very hydrophobic that is why it is placed parallel to the acyl tails of the phospholipids.
cholesterol
140
Formed by carbohydrates and lipids which protects RBC from impact with other RBCs or vessel walls.
glycocalyx
141
Discovered ABO group
Dr. Karl Landsteiner
142
Most important blood group in transfusion practice
ABO
143
Individuals have < answer > in their serum against the < answer > absent from their RBCs.
antibodies; antigens
144
ABO inheritance follows
simple mendelian genetics
145
ABO is inherited via
codominant expression
146
Location of ABO genes and number of exons
Chromosome 9, 7 exons
147
Group O gene is considered an **< answer >** and is an autosomal recessive trait with the inheritance of two O genes that are nonfunctional
amorph
148
Q1: Formation of ABH antigens depends on these three genes from three seperate loci;
Q2: these genese code for the production of ...
ABO, Hh, Se
Glycosyltransferase
149
Formation of ABH antigens develops...
2nd month of fetal life and will stay forever
150
Precursor substance for the formation of ABH antigens
Paragloboside/Glycan
151
What type of precursors are RBC ABO antigens contstructed?
Type 2
152
H gene is at
Chromosome 19
153
Is the H gene inherited dependently or independently from ABO genes?
independently
154
ABO gene spans about
18 to 20 kb
155
These exons encode for the catalytic domain of the ABO glycosyltransferases.
Last two exons (exon 6 & 7)
156
Results from any mutation in an A or B transferase gene that causes loss of glycosyltransferase activity and nonfunctional enzyme
Group O phenotype
157
Most common Group O results from a single nucleotide ....
deletion
158
Carbohydrate structures of ABO antigens are composed of
glycoproteins and glycolipids
159
RBC membrane proteins carry over ____________________ A or B or H antigens mostly located on the major integral membrane protein, Band 3
2 x10^6
160
ABO Antigens can be found in/on ...
1. platelets
2. Endothelial and epithelial cells of the lungs and gut
3. Epithelial cells of the urinary and reproductive tracts
161
ABO indicidence:
Usually found in African Americans and Asians (11% in whites, 20% in blacks)
Group B
162
ABO incidence:
Most common in Asians (40 - 45% in whites, 50% in blacks)
Group A and O
163
Rarest ABO
AB
164
Basic antigenic material of ABO which is **found in greatest concentrations on the RBCs of Group O** individuals and **least in A1B**
H antigen
165
anti-H antiserum
Ulex europeus
166
Secretor genes
Se gene or FUT2 gene
167
SeSe and Sese genostypes secretes A, B, H antigens in ...
saliva
sweat
urine
milk
tears
168
This allelle is an amorph
se
169
Inheritance of hh gene therefore no "H" subtance
Bombay phenotype
170
Bombay phenotype was first reported by
Dr. Bhende in 1952 in Bombay, India
171
Bombay phenotype is caused a mutation in this gene which produces a silenced gene.
FUT1 gene
172
Bombay phenotype fails to react with ...
Anti A
Anti B; or
H
173
Bombay phenotype people produces the ff. autoantibodies
Anti A
Anti B
Anti H
174
Bombay blood group is rare and can only be found in
4 out of 1 million
175
Produced by Bombay phenotypes which is an IgM that react at 37 C
Anti H
176
Phenotypes where RBCs completely lack H antigens or have only small amounts of H antigen present
Para Bombay Phenotypes
177
In Para-Bombay phenotypes, RBCs express weak forms of A and B antigens which are only detected in this technique
elution technique
178
More common subgroup
A subgroups
179
Inheritance of A1 gene elicits production of high concentrations of ___________________ which then converts all H subtances to A1 antigen
3-N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase
180
Due to polymorphims at the ABO locus
Subgroups
181
This subgroup results from a single-base substitution at nucleotide 1059
A2
182
Used to differentiate A subgroups
Dolichos biflorus
183
These subgroups demonstrate weak or no agglutination of red cells with anti-b reagents
B subgroups
184
ABO antibodies develops and peaks at...
Develops at 3-6 months after birth
Peaks at 5-10
185
ABO antibodies are mostly
IgM (some are IgG)
186
autoantibody
Anti H
187
Q1: Also known as cell group where patient's rbcs are added to sources of commercial antisera to detect antigens on an individual's RBCs
Q2: What specimen is used
forward grouping; Red cells
187
First ABO red cell typing reagents were derived from
pooled human plasma sources
188
B cells secrete antibodies that are specific for the multiple epitopes of the injected antigen. This contains multiple antibody specificities
polyclonal antibody reagents
189
creates an immortal clone that manufacturers antibodies of a defined specificity
Monoclonal antibody reagents
190
Also known as serum grouping or serum testing which detects ABO antibodies using known reagents RBCs
What are these reagent RBCs and from what specimen is it obtained
Reverse grouping
A1 and B cells
Patient serum
191
Classic methods for visualization of antigen-antibody reactions
Agglutination (observed with hemolysis)
192
If present in tube grading, this is noted and considered a positive reaction
hemolysis
193
Factors influencing antigen-antibody reactions
1. Temperature (IgM: Below 22, IgG: 37)
2. Type of antibody
3. Centrifugation (Brings reactants closer together)
4. Antigen-antibody ratio
5. pH (6.5 - 7.5)
6. Dosage effect
194
Technical Errors (CCC FI MM UW)
1. Clerical errors/incorrect recording of results
2. Cell suspension problems: Too heavy or too light
3. Contaminated reagents
4. Failure to add reagents
5. Improper identification of Blood specimen, patient, slides, test tubes
6. Mix up in samples
7. Missed observation of hemolysis
8. Uncalibrated centrifuge
9. Warming during centrifugation
195
What are the 4 ABO discrepancies?
Group 1: Discrepancy that happens between forward and backward grouping due to weakly reacting or missing **antibodies**
Group 2: Discrepancies are due to weakly reacting or missing **antigens**
Group 3: Discrepancy due to Protein or Plasma
abnormalities
Group 4: Discrepancy due to unexpected antigen reaction or miscellaneous
