BB LEC PRELIMS Flashcards
In 1492, a physician bled three young boys and have an ill ________________ drink the blood.
Pope Innocent VIII
He used a quill of a goose attached to a bladder to demonstrate that the intravenous injections of substances into animals had systemic
effects.
Architect Sir Christopher Wren
was the first to perform ABO typing and began compatibility testing. He also suggested
the inheritance of ABO types.
Dr. Richard Weil
discovered the ABO blood group
Dr. Karl Landsteiner
Sodium Citrate was discovered in ____
1914
First Blood donor service was established by
Percy Oliver
Antibody screen was officially regarded as part of routine testing in ______
1950s
Main stars of Immunology are
Lymphocytes
First line of defense
- Unbroken Skin
- Mucus membrane
- Sebum from Sebaceous glands
- Lactic acid in sweat
- Earwax
- Excretion of Solids and Liquids (feces/urine)
- Acidity of Stomach, Intestines, and Vagina
- Cilia in respiratory tract
- Tears (With IgA)
- Saliva
Non-specific, No exposure required, No
memory
Natural Immunity
Specific, can Recognize, can Remember, can Respond
Adaptive Immunity
Benefit of Adaptive Immunity
Acquire Immunologic Memory
Recognized as a foreign body; Can be a Protein, Carbohydrate, or Lipid
Antigen
antigens of the host; no reaction in normal circumstances
Autoantigens
antigen of the others
Alloantigens
antigens from other species
Heteroantigens
part of the Antigen that reacts with Antibody
epitope
Responsible for the specificity of the antigen
epitope
“Partial antigen”
Non-immunogenic alone (it needs a carrier)
Haptens
responsible for the molecular weight of the antigen (usually over 10,000 Daltons)
carrier
Formerly “Human Leukocyte Antigen” encoded from the gene found in short arm of Chromosome 6
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Can cause an immune response if transplanted
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Brings antigen to cell surface for recognition by T-cells
Major Histocompatibility Complex
2 classes of Major Histocompatibility Complex
Class I
Class II
- High levels on nucleated cells including lymphocytes
- Low levels in the liver, Neural, Muscle, and Sperm cells
- Recognized by Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+)
- HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-E
CLASS I
- More Restricted
- Found on B-cells, Macrophage, Dendritic Cells (APC)
- Process extracellularly derived antigen
- Recognized by T-Helper cells (CD4+)
- HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, HLA-DR
CLASS II
Molecules that bind to Antigen and is very specific
Antibodies
Y-shaped with 4 protein chains (2 Identical light chains and 2 heavy chains
connected by disulfide bonds)
Antibodies
Upper regions with Antigen binding sites - “N-terminal”
Variable regions
Lower portion of the “Y” arm
Constant regions
Stem of the monomer, binds complement or cells
FC regions
Located between CH1 and CH2 (binds complement C1q)
- Connects 2 FAB regions and FC portion
Hinge region
Flexible due to high numbers of Proline
Hinge region
Protein with around 440 amino acids and a MW of 40-50K daltons
Heavy chains
Constant region of H chains is unique and gives the antibody its name
Heavy chains
Genes that code for H chains are in _________
Chromosome 14
With the Kappa and Lambda chains
Light chains
Kappa is with ____ amino acids
214
Lambda is with ____ amino acids
213
Largest antibody with molecular weight of
900 000 Daltons
Immunoglobulin M
A Pentamer named after it heavy chain “µ heavy chain”
IgM
First antibody made by infants
IgM
IgM reacts best in what temperature
at Room Temperature and/or Cold temperature
First Antibody produced during infection,
Last to leave
IgM
With a Delta Heavy chain, and has a molecular weight of 180 000 Daltons
Immunoglobulin D
Second type of IG to appear
IgD
Heat and acid labile, and is susceptible to proteolysis
IgD
Monomer found on B-cell surface, Blood, and Lymph
IgD
IgA is found in serum as a __________
Monomer
IgA is found in secretions as a _______
Dimer
Antibody that protects mucosal surfaces,
“Major secretory IG” (Tears, Saliva, Milk)
IgA
2 Types of IgA
IgA1
IgA2
Molecular weight of IgA
160 000 - 400 000 daltons
Major serum Immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulin G
Binds FC receptors, Activates complement, neutralizes toxins, and enhances phagocytosis.
Immunoglobulin G
A monomer with Gamma Heavy chain
IgG
Main antibody in secondary response
IgG
IgG reacts best in what temperature
Body temperature
Can travel to the placenta and protect newborns
IgG
A monomer with an extra domain, molecular
weight is 190 000 Daltons
Immunoglobulin E
Plasma cells that produces IgE is usually on the ______
Lungs and Skin
IgE is bound to _______ and ________
Mast Cells and Basophils
Binds to FC receptors of Eosinophils for the
Major basic Protein
IgE
Antibody for allergy (Type 1hypersensitivity), and parasitic infections
IgE
Polypeptide products of activated cells
Cytokines
Controls cellular response and regulates the immune system (innate and adaptive response)
Cytokines
Cytokines binds to ______
target cell receptors
Polypeptide products of activated cells
Cytokines
Enumerate the five Cytokines
- Interleukins
- Interferons
- Stem Cell Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factors
- Chemokines
Non-specific proteins
Complement
Completes the process of Antibody-Antigen complex
Complement
Most of the complement are synthesized in the ____
Liver
Complement reacts at pH: ___ and at Temp of ______
pH: 7.2 - 7.4
Temp: 30-37C
3 known pathways of complement
- Classical pathway
- Alternative pathway
- Lectin pathway
What the effects of Complement
- Chemotaxis
- Lysis of Cells
- Mediators
- Opsonization
- Increase Vascular Permeability
Participate in the process of cellular immunity
T-lymphocytes
Participate in the process of humoral immunity
B-lymphocytes
Natural cytotoxicity against cancer cells and virus infected cells
NK-lymphocytes