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SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR > ImmunoSero Lab (Prelims) > Flashcards

ImmunoSero Lab (Prelims) Flashcards

This cover the Introduction, Pipetting Techniques, and Immunity

1
Q

Considerations when using IS test kits.

A
  1. Antigen-Antibody Specificity
  2. Specificity & Sensitivity
  3. Rapid & Efficient Detection
  4. Sample Compatibility
  5. User-friendly Design
  6. Stability and Shelf Life
  7. Data Interpretation Guidelines
  8. Cost-effectiveness
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2
Q

Consideration:

Testing kits rely on the specific interaction between antigens and antibodies, ensuring accurate and targeted detection of the analyte of interest

A

Antigen-antibody specificity

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3
Q

Consideration:
Ensuring that the testing kit can detect the analyte at low concentrations and accurately distinguish it from other substances.

A

Sensitivity and Specificity

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4
Q

Consideration:

The principle of delivering quick and efficient results, often through visual indicators or automated processes, to facilitate timely decision-making

A

Rapid and Efficient Detection

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4
Q

Consideration:

Designing kits to work with a variety of sample types, such as blood, serum, urine, or swabs, to enhance versatility and applicability in different settings

A

Sample compatibility

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5
Q

Consideration:

Ensuring simplicity in kit operation, often with clear instructions and minimal steps, to accommodate users with varying levels of expertise.

A

User-friendly design

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6
Q

Consideration:

Incorporating principles that maintain the stability of reagents and components, ensuring a reliable performance throughout the kit’s shelf life

A

Stability and Shelf Life

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7
Q

Consideration:

Providing guidelines for the interpretation of results, often in the form of clear charts, color coded indicators, or digital interfaces, to enhance user understanding.

A

Data Interpretation Guidelines

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8
Q

Consideration:

Designing kits with cost-efficient materials and processes, ensuring accessibility and affordability for widespread use

A

Cost-effectiveness

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9
Q

Also known as hand hygiene which is the act of cleaning hands for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and microorganisms.

A

Handwashing

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10
Q

One of the simplest and most effective means of preventing the spread of flu and other infectious diseases

A

handwashing

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11
Q

Enumerate all the hazards (6)

A

Biological Hazard
Physical Hazard
Chemical Hazard
Mechanical Hazard
Electrical Hazard
Radioactive Hazard

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12
Q

An approach to infection control to treat all human blood and certain human bodily fluids as if they were known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens.

A

Universal Precaution

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13
Q

Disposal of general wastes

A

Incineration — Secured Land Filling

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14
Q

Disposal of infected plastics

A

Autoclaving — Secured Land Filling

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15
Q

Disposal of infected wastes

A

Autoclaving & Plasma Pyrolysis/Incineration — Deep Burial

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16
Q

Disposal of glassware

A

Autoclaving — Recycler

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17
Q

Disposal of sharps

A

Autoclaving — Sharp Pit

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18
Q

Government agencies responsible for hospital waste management

A
  1. DOH
  2. DENR
  3. League of City, Municipal, Provincial Mayors Association of Barangay Council
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19
Q

Any agencies given their purpose is to promote the protection of environment quality

A

Non-Government Office (NGO)

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20
Q

Used for the quantitative transfer of reagents and the preparations of serial dilution of specimens such as serum

A

Pipettes

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21
Q

What to do before using the pipette

A

Check specimen

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22
Q

Makes specimen unacceptable

A

Lipemia
Hemolysis
Bacterial Contamination

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23
Q

Presence of excess bilirubin in the blood stream

A

Icteric

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24
Q

Spx that may give invalid results or may interfere

A

Icteric or turbid serum

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25
Q

When to collect blood specimens? Why?

A

Before a meal to avoid chyle

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26
Q

A milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph and unsaturated fats of free fatty acids

A

Chyle

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27
Q

Aside from bacterial contamination, this contamination should also be avoided

A

Alkali or acid contamination

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28
Q

Sample Color: Dark to very dark yellow

A

Icteric Sample

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29
Q

Elevated in Icteric samples

A

Bilirubin or Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) otherwise known as Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT)

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30
Q

Sample Appearance:
Turbid to Milky consistency of the sera.

A

Lipemic sample

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31
Q

Pateints with lipemic samples are expected to have

A

High Cholesterol and Triglycerides

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32
Q

Appearance of sample:

Red, indicating destruction of RBCs thus the need to repeat collection.

A

Hemolyzed sample

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33
Q

This pipetting uses a fixed-volume that is fast in small applications and only requires the hand of a practiced lab tech instead of extra hardware

A

Manual Pipetting (Hand Pipetting)

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34
Q

This type of pipetting is time-consuming where results can be unreliable and the repetitive actions can lead to injury

A

Manual Pipetting

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35
Q

Samples produced per hour for:

manual pipetting
semi-automatic pipettes
automated pipettes

A

5-10 samples
50-100 samples
Hundreds of samples at a time

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36
Q

The curvature in the top surface of a liquid

A

meniscus

37
Q

Meniscus should be read at this level

A

eye level

38
Q

Greatest potential hazard

A

mouth pipetting

39
Q

What should be done instead of mouth pipetting?

A

Mechanical suction

40
Q

Offers a way for labs to incrementally scale up production and increase reproducibility; it only requiring the technician to move a hand probe from vessel to vessel.

A

Semi-automatic pipettes

41
Q

Most valuable in high-throughout applications that benefit from completely removing human movements. It can process hundreds of samples at a time and follow highly complex methods without deviation. It also provides protection from hazardous/infectious samples.

A

Automation

42
Q

Bubbles and viscous solutions can cause problems with the measurement and delivery of samples and solutions. Bubbles result from …

A

wrong procedure handling

43
Q

Inactivation and reinactivation of complement.

A
  1. Inactivated by heating to 56C for 30 mins.
  2. < After 4 hours > Reinactivated by heating for 10 min.
44
Q

Disposable plastic pipettes used to transfer small volumes of liquids

A

Transfer Pipette

45
Q

“To deliver” (TD) types that have the bulb closer to the center and accurately deliver a fixed volume of aqueous solution

A

Volumetric Pipette

46
Q

A pipette with its volume, in increments, marked along the tube that is esed to measure and transfer a volume of liquid from one container to another

A

Graduated Pipette (serologic and mohr)

47
Q

“Blown out” pipette with orifice or tip opening that is larger than other pipettes

A

Serologic Pipette

48
Q

The need to blow out is indicated by

A

etched rings

49
Q

Calibrated between marks; cannot be blown out

A

Mohr Pipette

50
Q

TD types that have the bulb closer to the delivery tip because they deliver viscous fluids. These pipettes deliver an accurate volume by being “blown out” using a pipetting bulb.

A

Ostwald Folin Pipette

51
Q

Allow rapid repetitive measurements and delivery of predetermined volumes of reagents and specimens

A

Micropipette

52
Q

Device used for micropipetting that allows repeated, accurate, reproducible delivery of specimens, reagents, and other liquids requiring measurement in small amounts

A

Piston-operated device

53
Q

Graduation marks of Mohr pipettes and Serological Pipettes

A

Mohr - Graduated between two marks

Serological - Graduation mark down to the tip

54
Q

Proper pipetting techniques to maximize precision and minimize contamination

A
  1. Adjust pipette to the correct volume
  2. Check if you are using the correct pipette tip
  3. Make sure no bubbles are produced
  4. Always use the pipette in a vertical position
  5. No reusing of pipette tips
55
Q

Common Pipetting Errors

A
  1. Loose pipette tip
  2. Tilting the pipettor
  3. Plunger quick release (cause air bubbles)
  4. Second stop draw
56
Q

Body’s ability to prevent the invasion of pathogens or resist harmful microorganisms

A

Immunity

57
Q

A type of immunity pertaining to general, physical, and biological barriers

A

Innate

58
Q

A type of immunity present in the body that is non-specific, rapid, having limited to lower potency, has no memory nor allergic reactions.

A

Innate Immunity

59
Q

A type of immunity created in response to exposure to a foreign substance that is more specific but slow in response (1 -2 weeks), having high potency, long term memory and immediate & delay hypersensitivity

A

Adaptive immunity

60
Q

Examples under natural (innate) immunity

A

Exogenous (skin)
Endogenous (stomach acid)
Phagocytosis (PMNs)
NK Cells

61
Q

Cells under Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity

A

T Cells (Cytokines)
B Cells (Antibodies)

62
Q

Type of immunity:

Individual produces antibody, follows immunization or infection, and memory (lasting)

A

Active

63
Q

Type of immunity:

Antibody transferred to individual (ex. Gamma-globulin injections or placental transfer) that has temporary to no memory

A

Passive

64
Q

Type of immunity:

Stimulate the body’s immune system and has antibodies and/or cell mediated immunity which protects against infectious agent

A

active

65
Q

Toxoids are examples of this type of immunity

A

Active

66
Q

Type of immunity:

Consists of providing temporary protection through the administration of exogenously produced antibody

A

Passive

67
Q

Type: Natural
Mode of Acquisition: Transfer in vivo or colostrum

A

Passive

68
Q

Type: Artificial
Mode of Acquisition: Vaccination

A

Active

69
Q

Type: Natural
Mode of Acquisition: Infection

A

Active

70
Q

Type: Artificial
Mode of acquisition: Infusion of serum/plasma

A

Passive

71
Q

Half-life of IgG immune antibody

A

23 days

72
Q

Immunity comes from injected antibodies created within a different person or an animal.

A

Artificial Passive

73
Q

Which type of artificial immunity do immunoglobulins/antisera and anti-toxins belong?

A

Artificial passive

74
Q

Antigen is presented and Antibodies will fight and remain alert for future infection

A

Artifical Active

75
Q

Vaccines fall under this type of artificial immunity

A

Artificial active

76
Q

Substances or organism that provokes an immune response (produces immunity) when introduced into the body

A

immunizing agent

77
Q

Immunizing agent that contains suspension of attenuated live or killed microorganisms administered to induce immunity and thereby prevent infectious disease

A

Vaccines

78
Q

Contains 15% to 18% protein obtained by cold ethanol fractionation of large pools of blood plasma

A

Immunoglobulins

79
Q

Primary indicated for certain immune deficient persons, passive immunization against measles and Hep A, and special IV preparations for immunoglobulin deficient patients

A

Immunoglobulins

80
Q

Blood serum containing monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies that is used to spread passive immunity to many diseases

A

Antisera

81
Q

Antigen administration to stimulate production of specific antibodies to protect individual against particular disease

A

Vaccines

82
Q

Specific immunoglobulins prepared from the plasma of immunized animals or humans.

A

Antisera and antitoxins

83
Q

Greatest concentration in serum, having 4 subclasses, activates complement, crosses placenta, and 75% of total antibody concentration.

What is being described?

A

IgG

84
Q

Predominant antibody in body secretions, primary defense against local infection at mucosal surface and has 2 subclasses.

What is being described?

A

IgA

85
Q

Monomer and Dimer of IgA

A

Monomer: Serum IgA
Dimer: Secretory IgA

86
Q

Allergy, type 1 Sensitivity, involved in release of histamines fro mast cells.

What is being referred to?

A

IgE

87
Q

Largest antibody (pentamer), fixes complement best (multiple binding sites), prominent in early immune response (indicates acute infection, 5-10% of total antibody concentration.

What is being referred to?

A

IgM

88
Q

Unknown function, present of B cell surface

A

IgD

89
Q

Constituents of immunizing agents

A

Suspending fluid
Preservatives
Stabilizers
Antibiotics

90
Q

Frequently is as simple as sterile water which may be a complex fluid containing small amounts of protein in other constituents derived from the medium or biologic system in which the immunizing agent is produced.

A

Suspending fluid

91
Q

These components of vaccines are used to inhibit or prevent bacterial growth in viral culture or the final product. Furthermore, it serves to stabilize the antigen.

A

Preservatives, stabilizers, antibiotics

SECOND SEM 3rd YEAR (39 decks)

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