ImmunoSero Lab (Prelims) Flashcards by CHENNEDETTE RESYL MAGLANGIT

Considerations when using IS test kits.

Antigen-Antibody Specificity
Specificity & Sensitivity
Rapid & Efficient Detection
Sample Compatibility
User-friendly Design
Stability and Shelf Life
Data Interpretation Guidelines
Cost-effectiveness

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Consideration:

Testing kits rely on the specific interaction between antigens and antibodies, ensuring accurate and targeted detection of the analyte of interest

Antigen-antibody specificity

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Consideration:
Ensuring that the testing kit can detect the analyte at low concentrations and accurately distinguish it from other substances.

Sensitivity and Specificity

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Consideration:

The principle of delivering quick and efficient results, often through visual indicators or automated processes, to facilitate timely decision-making

Rapid and Efficient Detection

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Consideration:

Designing kits to work with a variety of sample types, such as blood, serum, urine, or swabs, to enhance versatility and applicability in different settings

Sample compatibility

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Consideration:

Ensuring simplicity in kit operation, often with clear instructions and minimal steps, to accommodate users with varying levels of expertise.

User-friendly design

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Consideration:

Incorporating principles that maintain the stability of reagents and components, ensuring a reliable performance throughout the kit’s shelf life

Stability and Shelf Life

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Consideration:

Providing guidelines for the interpretation of results, often in the form of clear charts, color coded indicators, or digital interfaces, to enhance user understanding.

Data Interpretation Guidelines

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Consideration:

Designing kits with cost-efficient materials and processes, ensuring accessibility and affordability for widespread use

Cost-effectiveness

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Also known as hand hygiene which is the act of cleaning hands for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and microorganisms.

Handwashing

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One of the simplest and most effective means of preventing the spread of flu and other infectious diseases

handwashing

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Enumerate all the hazards (6)

Biological Hazard
Physical Hazard
Chemical Hazard
Mechanical Hazard
Electrical Hazard
Radioactive Hazard

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An approach to infection control to treat all human blood and certain human bodily fluids as if they were known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens.

Universal Precaution

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Disposal of general wastes

Incineration — Secured Land Filling

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Disposal of infected plastics

Autoclaving — Secured Land Filling

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Disposal of infected wastes

Autoclaving & Plasma Pyrolysis/Incineration — Deep Burial

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Disposal of glassware

Autoclaving — Recycler

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Disposal of sharps

Autoclaving — Sharp Pit

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Government agencies responsible for hospital waste management

DOH
DENR
League of City, Municipal, Provincial Mayors Association of Barangay Council

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Any agencies given their purpose is to promote the protection of environment quality

Non-Government Office (NGO)

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Used for the quantitative transfer of reagents and the preparations of serial dilution of specimens such as serum

Pipettes

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What to do before using the pipette

Check specimen

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Makes specimen unacceptable

Lipemia
Hemolysis
Bacterial Contamination

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Presence of excess bilirubin in the blood stream

Icteric

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Spx that may give invalid results or may interfere

Icteric or turbid serum

When to collect blood specimens? Why?

Before a meal to avoid chyle

A milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph and unsaturated fats of free fatty acids

Chyle

Aside from bacterial contamination, this contamination should also be avoided

Alkali or acid contamination

Sample Color: Dark to very dark yellow

Icteric Sample

Elevated in Icteric samples

Bilirubin or Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) otherwise known as Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT)

Sample Appearance: Turbid to Milky consistency of the sera.

Lipemic sample

Pateints with lipemic samples are expected to have

High Cholesterol and Triglycerides

Appearance of sample: Red, indicating destruction of RBCs thus the need to repeat collection.

Hemolyzed sample

This pipetting uses a fixed-volume that is fast in small applications and only requires the hand of a practiced lab tech instead of extra hardware

Manual Pipetting (Hand Pipetting)

This type of pipetting is time-consuming where results can be unreliable and the repetitive actions can lead to injury

Manual Pipetting

Samples produced per hour for: manual pipetting semi-automatic pipettes automated pipettes

5-10 samples 50-100 samples Hundreds of samples at a time

The curvature in the top surface of a liquid

meniscus

Meniscus should be read at this level

eye level

Greatest potential hazard

mouth pipetting

What should be done instead of mouth pipetting?

Mechanical suction

Offers a way for labs to incrementally scale up production and increase reproducibility; it only requiring the technician to **move a hand probe from vessel to vessel**.

Semi-automatic pipettes

Most valuable in high-throughout applications that benefit from **completely removing human movements**. It can process hundreds of samples at a time and follow highly complex methods without deviation. It also provides protection from hazardous/infectious samples.

Automation

Bubbles and viscous solutions can cause problems with the measurement and delivery of samples and solutions. Bubbles result from ...

wrong procedure handling

Inactivation and reinactivation of complement.

1. Inactivated by heating to 56C for 30 mins. 2. *< After 4 hours >* Reinactivated by heating for 10 min.

Disposable plastic pipettes used to transfer small volumes of liquids

Transfer Pipette

*"To deliver"* (TD) types that have the **bulb closer to the center** and accurately deliver a fixed volume of aqueous solution

Volumetric Pipette

A pipette with its volume, in increments, marked along the tube that is esed to measure and transfer a volume of liquid from one container to another

Graduated Pipette (serologic and mohr)

"Blown out" pipette with orifice or tip opening that is larger than other pipettes

Serologic Pipette

The need to blow out is indicated by

etched rings

Calibrated between marks; cannot be blown out

Mohr Pipette

TD types that have the **bulb closer to the delivery tip** because they deliver viscous fluids. These pipettes deliver an accurate volume by being **"blown out"** using a pipetting bulb.

Ostwald Folin Pipette

Allow rapid repetitive measurements and delivery of predetermined volumes of reagents and specimens

Micropipette

Device used for micropipetting that allows repeated, accurate, reproducible delivery of specimens, reagents, and other liquids requiring measurement in small amounts

Piston-operated device

Graduation marks of Mohr pipettes and Serological Pipettes

Mohr - Graduated between two marks Serological - Graduation mark down to the tip

Proper pipetting techniques to maximize precision and minimize contamination

1. Adjust pipette to the correct volume 2. Check if you are using the correct pipette tip 3. Make sure no bubbles are produced 4. Always use the pipette in a vertical position 5. No reusing of pipette tips

Common Pipetting Errors

1. Loose pipette tip 2. Tilting the pipettor 3. Plunger quick release (cause air bubbles) 4. Second stop draw

Body's ability to prevent the invasion of pathogens or resist harmful microorganisms

Immunity

A type of immunity pertaining to general, physical, and biological barriers

Innate

A type of immunity present in the body that is non-specific, rapid, having limited to lower potency, has no memory nor allergic reactions.

Innate Immunity

A type of immunity created in response to exposure to a foreign substance that is more specific but slow in response (1 -2 weeks), having high potency, long term memory and immediate & delay hypersensitivity

Adaptive immunity

Examples under natural (innate) immunity

Exogenous (skin) Endogenous (stomach acid) Phagocytosis (PMNs) NK Cells

Cells under Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity

T Cells (Cytokines) B Cells (Antibodies)

Type of immunity: Individual produces antibody, follows immunization or infection, and memory (lasting)

Active

Type of immunity: Antibody transferred to individual (ex. Gamma-globulin injections or placental transfer) that has temporary to no memory

Passive

Type of immunity: Stimulate the body’s immune system and has antibodies and/or cell mediated immunity which protects against infectious agent

active

Toxoids are examples of this type of immunity

Active

Type of immunity: Consists of providing temporary protection through the **administration of exogenously produced antibody**

Passive

Type: Natural Mode of Acquisition: Transfer in vivo or colostrum

Passive

Type: Artificial Mode of Acquisition: Vaccination

Active

Type: Natural Mode of Acquisition: Infection

Active

Type: Artificial Mode of acquisition: Infusion of serum/plasma

Passive

Half-life of IgG immune antibody

23 days

Immunity comes from **injected antibodies** created within a different person or an animal.

Artificial Passive

Which type of artificial immunity do **immunoglobulins/antisera and anti-toxins** belong?

Artificial passive

Antigen is presented and Antibodies will fight and remain alert for future infection

Artifical Active

Vaccines fall under this type of artificial immunity

Artificial active

Substances or organism that provokes an immune response (produces immunity) when introduced into the body

immunizing agent

Immunizing agent that contains suspension of attenuated live or killed microorganisms administered to induce immunity and thereby prevent infectious disease

Vaccines

Contains **15% to 18% protein** obtained by cold ethanol fractionation of large pools of blood plasma

Immunoglobulins

Primary indicated for certain immune deficient persons, passive immunization against measles and Hep A, and special IV preparations for immunoglobulin deficient patients

Immunoglobulins

Blood serum containing monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies that is used to spread passive immunity to many diseases

Antisera

Antigen administration to stimulate production of specific antibodies to protect individual against particular disease

Vaccines

Specific immunoglobulins prepared from the plasma of immunized animals or humans.

Antisera and antitoxins

Greatest concentration in serum, having 4 subclasses, activates complement, crosses placenta, and 75% of total antibody concentration. What is being described?

IgG

Predominant antibody in body secretions, primary defense against local infection at mucosal surface and has 2 subclasses. What is being described?

IgA

Monomer and Dimer of IgA

Monomer: Serum IgA Dimer: Secretory IgA

Allergy, type 1 Sensitivity, involved in release of histamines fro mast cells. What is being referred to?

IgE

Largest antibody (pentamer), fixes complement best (multiple binding sites), prominent in early immune response (indicates acute infection, 5-10% of total antibody concentration. What is being referred to?

IgM

Unknown function, present of B cell surface

IgD

Constituents of immunizing agents

Suspending fluid Preservatives Stabilizers Antibiotics

Frequently is as simple as sterile water which may be a complex fluid containing small amounts of protein in other constituents derived from the medium or biologic system in which the immunizing agent is produced.

Suspending fluid

These components of vaccines are used to inhibit or prevent bacterial growth in viral culture or the final product. Furthermore, it serves to stabilize the antigen.

Preservatives, stabilizers, antibiotics

ImmunoSero Lab (Prelims) Flashcards

This cover the Introduction, Pipetting Techniques, and Immunity