ImmunoSero Lab (Prelims) Flashcards
This cover the Introduction, Pipetting Techniques, and Immunity
Considerations when using IS test kits.
- Antigen-Antibody Specificity
- Specificity & Sensitivity
- Rapid & Efficient Detection
- Sample Compatibility
- User-friendly Design
- Stability and Shelf Life
- Data Interpretation Guidelines
- Cost-effectiveness
Consideration:
Testing kits rely on the specific interaction between antigens and antibodies, ensuring accurate and targeted detection of the analyte of interest
Antigen-antibody specificity
Consideration:
Ensuring that the testing kit can detect the analyte at low concentrations and accurately distinguish it from other substances.
Sensitivity and Specificity
Consideration:
The principle of delivering quick and efficient results, often through visual indicators or automated processes, to facilitate timely decision-making
Rapid and Efficient Detection
Consideration:
Designing kits to work with a variety of sample types, such as blood, serum, urine, or swabs, to enhance versatility and applicability in different settings
Sample compatibility
Consideration:
Ensuring simplicity in kit operation, often with clear instructions and minimal steps, to accommodate users with varying levels of expertise.
User-friendly design
Consideration:
Incorporating principles that maintain the stability of reagents and components, ensuring a reliable performance throughout the kit’s shelf life
Stability and Shelf Life
Consideration:
Providing guidelines for the interpretation of results, often in the form of clear charts, color coded indicators, or digital interfaces, to enhance user understanding.
Data Interpretation Guidelines
Consideration:
Designing kits with cost-efficient materials and processes, ensuring accessibility and affordability for widespread use
Cost-effectiveness
Also known as hand hygiene which is the act of cleaning hands for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and microorganisms.
Handwashing
One of the simplest and most effective means of preventing the spread of flu and other infectious diseases
handwashing
Enumerate all the hazards (6)
Biological Hazard
Physical Hazard
Chemical Hazard
Mechanical Hazard
Electrical Hazard
Radioactive Hazard
An approach to infection control to treat all human blood and certain human bodily fluids as if they were known to be infectious for HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens.
Universal Precaution
Disposal of general wastes
Incineration — Secured Land Filling
Disposal of infected plastics
Autoclaving — Secured Land Filling
Disposal of infected wastes
Autoclaving & Plasma Pyrolysis/Incineration — Deep Burial
Disposal of glassware
Autoclaving — Recycler
Disposal of sharps
Autoclaving — Sharp Pit
Government agencies responsible for hospital waste management
- DOH
- DENR
- League of City, Municipal, Provincial Mayors Association of Barangay Council
Any agencies given their purpose is to promote the protection of environment quality
Non-Government Office (NGO)
Used for the quantitative transfer of reagents and the preparations of serial dilution of specimens such as serum
Pipettes
What to do before using the pipette
Check specimen
Makes specimen unacceptable
Lipemia
Hemolysis
Bacterial Contamination
Presence of excess bilirubin in the blood stream
Icteric
Spx that may give invalid results or may interfere
Icteric or turbid serum
When to collect blood specimens? Why?
Before a meal to avoid chyle
A milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph and unsaturated fats of free fatty acids
Chyle
Aside from bacterial contamination, this contamination should also be avoided
Alkali or acid contamination
Sample Color: Dark to very dark yellow
Icteric Sample
Elevated in Icteric samples
Bilirubin or Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) otherwise known as Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT)
Sample Appearance:
Turbid to Milky consistency of the sera.
Lipemic sample
Pateints with lipemic samples are expected to have
High Cholesterol and Triglycerides
Appearance of sample:
Red, indicating destruction of RBCs thus the need to repeat collection.
Hemolyzed sample
This pipetting uses a fixed-volume that is fast in small applications and only requires the hand of a practiced lab tech instead of extra hardware
Manual Pipetting (Hand Pipetting)
This type of pipetting is time-consuming where results can be unreliable and the repetitive actions can lead to injury
Manual Pipetting
Samples produced per hour for:
manual pipetting
semi-automatic pipettes
automated pipettes
5-10 samples
50-100 samples
Hundreds of samples at a time
The curvature in the top surface of a liquid
meniscus
Meniscus should be read at this level
eye level
Greatest potential hazard
mouth pipetting
What should be done instead of mouth pipetting?
Mechanical suction
Offers a way for labs to incrementally scale up production and increase reproducibility; it only requiring the technician to move a hand probe from vessel to vessel.
Semi-automatic pipettes
Most valuable in high-throughout applications that benefit from completely removing human movements. It can process hundreds of samples at a time and follow highly complex methods without deviation. It also provides protection from hazardous/infectious samples.
Automation
Bubbles and viscous solutions can cause problems with the measurement and delivery of samples and solutions. Bubbles result from …
wrong procedure handling
Inactivation and reinactivation of complement.
- Inactivated by heating to 56C for 30 mins.
- < After 4 hours > Reinactivated by heating for 10 min.
Disposable plastic pipettes used to transfer small volumes of liquids
Transfer Pipette
“To deliver” (TD) types that have the bulb closer to the center and accurately deliver a fixed volume of aqueous solution
Volumetric Pipette
A pipette with its volume, in increments, marked along the tube that is esed to measure and transfer a volume of liquid from one container to another
Graduated Pipette (serologic and mohr)
“Blown out” pipette with orifice or tip opening that is larger than other pipettes
Serologic Pipette
The need to blow out is indicated by
etched rings
Calibrated between marks; cannot be blown out
Mohr Pipette
TD types that have the bulb closer to the delivery tip because they deliver viscous fluids. These pipettes deliver an accurate volume by being “blown out” using a pipetting bulb.
Ostwald Folin Pipette
Allow rapid repetitive measurements and delivery of predetermined volumes of reagents and specimens
Micropipette
Device used for micropipetting that allows repeated, accurate, reproducible delivery of specimens, reagents, and other liquids requiring measurement in small amounts
Piston-operated device
Graduation marks of Mohr pipettes and Serological Pipettes
Mohr - Graduated between two marks
Serological - Graduation mark down to the tip
Proper pipetting techniques to maximize precision and minimize contamination
- Adjust pipette to the correct volume
- Check if you are using the correct pipette tip
- Make sure no bubbles are produced
- Always use the pipette in a vertical position
- No reusing of pipette tips
Common Pipetting Errors
- Loose pipette tip
- Tilting the pipettor
- Plunger quick release (cause air bubbles)
- Second stop draw
Body’s ability to prevent the invasion of pathogens or resist harmful microorganisms
Immunity
A type of immunity pertaining to general, physical, and biological barriers
Innate
A type of immunity present in the body that is non-specific, rapid, having limited to lower potency, has no memory nor allergic reactions.
Innate Immunity
A type of immunity created in response to exposure to a foreign substance that is more specific but slow in response (1 -2 weeks), having high potency, long term memory and immediate & delay hypersensitivity
Adaptive immunity
Examples under natural (innate) immunity
Exogenous (skin)
Endogenous (stomach acid)
Phagocytosis (PMNs)
NK Cells
Cells under Adaptive (Acquired) Immunity
T Cells (Cytokines)
B Cells (Antibodies)
Type of immunity:
Individual produces antibody, follows immunization or infection, and memory (lasting)
Active
Type of immunity:
Antibody transferred to individual (ex. Gamma-globulin injections or placental transfer) that has temporary to no memory
Passive
Type of immunity:
Stimulate the body’s immune system and has antibodies and/or cell mediated immunity which protects against infectious agent
active
Toxoids are examples of this type of immunity
Active
Type of immunity:
Consists of providing temporary protection through the administration of exogenously produced antibody
Passive
Type: Natural
Mode of Acquisition: Transfer in vivo or colostrum
Passive
Type: Artificial
Mode of Acquisition: Vaccination
Active
Type: Natural
Mode of Acquisition: Infection
Active
Type: Artificial
Mode of acquisition: Infusion of serum/plasma
Passive
Half-life of IgG immune antibody
23 days
Immunity comes from injected antibodies created within a different person or an animal.
Artificial Passive
Which type of artificial immunity do immunoglobulins/antisera and anti-toxins belong?
Artificial passive
Antigen is presented and Antibodies will fight and remain alert for future infection
Artifical Active
Vaccines fall under this type of artificial immunity
Artificial active
Substances or organism that provokes an immune response (produces immunity) when introduced into the body
immunizing agent
Immunizing agent that contains suspension of attenuated live or killed microorganisms administered to induce immunity and thereby prevent infectious disease
Vaccines
Contains 15% to 18% protein obtained by cold ethanol fractionation of large pools of blood plasma
Immunoglobulins
Primary indicated for certain immune deficient persons, passive immunization against measles and Hep A, and special IV preparations for immunoglobulin deficient patients
Immunoglobulins
Blood serum containing monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies that is used to spread passive immunity to many diseases
Antisera
Antigen administration to stimulate production of specific antibodies to protect individual against particular disease
Vaccines
Specific immunoglobulins prepared from the plasma of immunized animals or humans.
Antisera and antitoxins
Greatest concentration in serum, having 4 subclasses, activates complement, crosses placenta, and 75% of total antibody concentration.
What is being described?
IgG
Predominant antibody in body secretions, primary defense against local infection at mucosal surface and has 2 subclasses.
What is being described?
IgA
Monomer and Dimer of IgA
Monomer: Serum IgA
Dimer: Secretory IgA
Allergy, type 1 Sensitivity, involved in release of histamines fro mast cells.
What is being referred to?
IgE
Largest antibody (pentamer), fixes complement best (multiple binding sites), prominent in early immune response (indicates acute infection, 5-10% of total antibody concentration.
What is being referred to?
IgM
Unknown function, present of B cell surface
IgD
Constituents of immunizing agents
Suspending fluid
Preservatives
Stabilizers
Antibiotics
Frequently is as simple as sterile water which may be a complex fluid containing small amounts of protein in other constituents derived from the medium or biologic system in which the immunizing agent is produced.
Suspending fluid
These components of vaccines are used to inhibit or prevent bacterial growth in viral culture or the final product. Furthermore, it serves to stabilize the antigen.
Preservatives, stabilizers, antibiotics
