muscle and connective tissue, body membranes (2b) Flashcards

1
Q

how does muscle tissue work

A

it contracts (shortens muscle cells) to produce movement

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2
Q

what are the types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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3
Q

what does skeletal muscle look like

A

long cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei (on the edges of the cell) and striations (dark and light pink alternating)

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4
Q

what is the function and location of skeletal muscle

A

voluntary movement, locomotion
in skeletal muscles attached to bones

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5
Q

what does cardiac muscle look like

A

branched, one nucleus with thinner striations
have intercalated disks that are darker and thicker dark pink lines

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6
Q

what is the function of intercalated disks

A

to connect cardiac muscle cells together and keep the chambers of the heart contracting at the proper rhythm

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7
Q

what is the function and location of cardiac muscle

A

contracts to pump blood, involuntary
walls of the heart

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8
Q

what does smooth muscle look like

A

no striations, looks like a sheet, single nucleus, looks squamous

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9
Q

what is the function and location of smooth muscle

A

moves substances through passageways, involuntary
walls of hollow organs (digestive, respiratory)

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10
Q

what is connective tissue made of

A

cells
extracellular matrix

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11
Q

what is the extracellular matrix made of and examples

A

ground substance (h2o, cell adhesion molecules)
protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)

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12
Q

what is the function of ground substances in the ECM

A

holding cells and fibers together

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the ECM

A

helps solute diffusion. between capillaries and cells
cell support

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14
Q

what are the types of connective tissues in order of most rigid to least

A

bone
cartilage
dense connective tissue
loose connective tissue
blood

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15
Q

what is the difference between bone and cartilage regarding blood supply

A

bone is vascular (gets blood)
cartilage is avascular
cartilage will take longer to heal

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16
Q

what does the ending “blasts” and “cytes” mean

A

blasts: repair and growth (immature)
cytes: maintenance (mature)

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17
Q

in connective tissue what do “blasts” do

A

secrete ground substance and fibers for their specific matrix

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18
Q

what else is present in the ECM

A

fat cells, wbc and macrophages

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19
Q

what is bone made up of/structure

A

osteocytes that sit in lacunae (cavities)
hard matrix of calcium salts
collagen fibers

20
Q

what is the function of bone

A

protection and support

21
Q

what is cartilage made of

A

chondrocyte
ECM composition depends on the type of cartilage

22
Q

what are the types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibro
elastic

23
Q

composition and location of hyaline cartilage

A

collagen fibers, glassy/rubbery matrix
trachea, between ribs and sternum, ends of long bones, fetal skeleton, epiphyseal plate

24
Q

characteristics and location of fibrocartilage

A

highly compressible
vertebral discs

25
composition and location of elastic cartilage
elastic fibers (allows flexibility) epiglottis (flap that prevents food going in trachea), external ear
26
what is the composition of dense connective (fibrous) tissue
collagen fibers, fibroblasts (cells that make fibers)
27
where is dense connective tissue found
tendons ligaments dermis (lower layers of the skin)
28
what is a tendon vs ligament
tendons: skeletal muscle to bone ligament: bone to bone at joints (more elastic)
29
characteristics of loose connective tissue
softer more cells and fewer fibers than other connective tissues (except blood)
30
what are the types of loose connective tissue
areolar adipose reticular
31
characteristics of areolar connective tissue
pliable and soft (cobwebs) like packing tissue holds organs in place (glue) can soak up excess fluid
32
what are layers of areolar tissue called and where is it
lamina propria underlies all membranes
33
what is the composition of adipose tissue and its functions
adipose cells (fat droplet in vacuole) and sparse areolar ECM insulation, protection, fuel storage
34
where is adipose tissue found
tissue below the skin kidneys hips, boobs, belly
35
reticular connective tissue characteristics and location
interwoven fibers with reticular cells (make reticular fibers) associated with blood (holds rbc until they mature) lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
36
composition of blood
blood cells, blood plasma, ECM/fibers are only present when clotting happens
37
function of blood
transport of nutrients, wastes and respiratory gases for the cardiovascular system
38
what is an epithelial membrane
body membrane composed of epithelial tissue and connective tissue to anchor them to lower tissues
39
types of epithelial membranes and their functions
cutaneous membrane: cover body surfaces mucous membrane: line body cavities that open to the exterior serous membrane: line body cavities that dont open to the exterior and the organs in the cavities
40
components of the cutaneous membrane
skin epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium dermis: dense connective tissue
41
what does the dermis contain
blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat and oil glands
42
components of mucous membranes
variety of epithelial tissue types epithelial layer has mucous producing cells (goblet) -> moist membrane loose connective tissue (lamina propria)
43
what is the function of the mucous membranes
physical barrier to pathogens absorption or secretion
44
location of mucous membranes (specific) and types of epithelium
nasal cavity, trachea, lung bronchi (pseudostratified columnar, cilia) mouth, esophagus (stratified squamous) stomach to anus (simple columnar)
45
components of serous membranes
simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on top areolar connective tissue below two layers of ^ with serous fluid in between the layer lining the cavity is called outer parietal the layer lining the organ is called inner visceral
46
what are the names of specific serous membrane and what do they line
pleural cavities (lungs) pericardium (heart) peritoneum (abdominal cavity)