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muscle and connective tissue, body membranes Flashcards

1
Q

how does muscle tissue work

A

it contracts (shortens muscle cells) to produce movement

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2
Q

what are the types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

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3
Q

what does skeletal muscle look like

A

long cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei (on the edges of the cell) and striations (dark and light pink alternating)

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4
Q

what is the function and location of skeletal muscle

A

voluntary movement, locomotion
in skeletal muscles attached to bones

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5
Q

what does cardiac muscle look like

A

branched, one nucleus with thinner striations
have intercalated disks that are darker and thicker dark pink lines

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6
Q

what is the function of intercalated disks

A

to connect cardiac muscle cells together and keep the chambers of the heart contracting at the proper rhythm

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7
Q

what is the function and location of cardiac muscle

A

contracts to pump blood, involuntary
walls of the heart

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8
Q

what does smooth muscle look like

A

no striations, looks like a sheet, single nucleus, looks squamous

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9
Q

what is the function and location of smooth muscle

A

moves substances through passageways, involuntary
walls of hollow organs (digestive, respiratory)

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10
Q

what is connective tissue made of

A

cells
extracellular matrix

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11
Q

what is the extracellular matrix made of and examples

A

ground substance (h2o, cell adhesion molecules)
protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)

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12
Q

what is the function of ground substances in the ECM

A

holding cells and fibers together

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13
Q

what is the purpose of the ECM

A

helps solute diffusion. between capillaries and cells
cell support

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14
Q

what are the types of connective tissues in order of most rigid to least

A

bone
cartilage
dense connective tissue
loose connective tissue
blood

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15
Q

what is the difference between bone and cartilage regarding blood supply

A

bone is vascular (gets blood)
cartilage is avascular
cartilage will take longer to heal

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16
Q

what does the ending “blasts” and “cytes” mean

A

blasts: repair and growth (immature)
cytes: maintenance (mature)

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17
Q

in connective tissue what do “blasts” do

A

secrete ground substance and fibers for their specific matrix

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18
Q

what else is present in the ECM

A

fat cells, wbc and macrophages

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19
Q

what is bone made up of/structure

A

osteocytes that sit in lacunae (cavities)
hard matrix of calcium salts
collagen fibers

20
Q

what is the function of bone

A

protection and support

21
Q

what is cartilage made of

A

chondrocyte
ECM composition depends on the type of cartilage

22
Q

what are the types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibro
elastic

23
Q

composition and location of hyaline cartilage

A

collagen fibers, glassy/rubbery matrix
trachea, between ribs and sternum, ends of long bones, fetal skeleton, epiphyseal plate

24
Q

characteristics and location of fibrocartilage

A

highly compressible
vertebral discs

25
Q

composition and location of elastic cartilage

A

elastic fibers (allows flexibility)
epiglottis (flap that prevents food going in trachea), external ear

26
Q

what is the composition of dense connective (fibrous) tissue

A

collagen fibers, fibroblasts (cells that make fibers)

27
Q

where is dense connective tissue found

A

tendons
ligaments
dermis (lower layers of the skin)

28
Q

what is a tendon vs ligament

A

tendons: skeletal muscle to bone
ligament: bone to bone at joints (more elastic)

29
Q

characteristics of loose connective tissue

A

softer
more cells and fewer fibers than other connective tissues (except blood)

30
Q

what are the types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar
adipose
reticular

31
Q

characteristics of areolar connective tissue

A

pliable and soft (cobwebs)
like packing tissue
holds organs in place (glue)
can soak up excess fluid

32
Q

what are layers of areolar tissue called and where is it

A

lamina propria
underlies all membranes

33
Q

what is the composition of adipose tissue and its functions

A

adipose cells (fat droplet in vacuole) and sparse areolar ECM
insulation, protection, fuel storage

34
Q

where is adipose tissue found

A

tissue below the skin
kidneys
hips, boobs, belly

35
Q

reticular connective tissue characteristics and location

A

interwoven fibers with reticular cells (make reticular fibers
associated with blood (holds rbc until they mature)
lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

36
Q

composition of blood

A

blood cells, blood plasma, ECM/fibers are only present when clotting happens

37
Q

function of blood

A

transport of nutrients, wastes and respiratory gases for the cardiovascular system

38
Q

what is an epithelial membrane

A

body membrane composed of epithelial tissue and connective tissue to anchor them to lower tissues

39
Q

types of epithelial membranes and their functions

A

cutaneous membrane: cover body surfaces
mucous membrane: line body cavities that open to the exterior
serous membrane: line body cavities that dont open to the exterior and the organs in the cavities

40
Q

components of the cutaneous membrane

A

skin
epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium
dermis: dense connective tissue

41
Q

what does the dermis contain

A

blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat and oil glands

42
Q

components of mucous membranes

A

variety of epithelial tissue types
epithelial layer has mucous producing cells (goblet) -> moist membrane
loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

43
Q

what is the function of the mucous membranes

A

physical barrier to pathogens
absorption or secretion

44
Q

location of mucous membranes (specific) and types of epithelium

A

nasal cavity, trachea, lung bronchi (pseudostratified columnar, cilia)
mouth, esophagus (stratified squamous)
stomach to anus (simple columnar)

45
Q

components of serous membranes

A

simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on top
areolar connective tissue below
two layers of ^ with serous fluid in between
the layer lining the cavity is called outer parietal
the layer lining the organ is called inner visceral

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