muscle and connective tissue, body membranes (2b)

Question 1

how does muscle tissue work

Answer 1

it contracts (shortens muscle cells) to produce movement

Question 2

what are the types of muscle tissue

Answer 2

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

Question 3

what does skeletal muscle look like

Answer 3

long cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei (on the edges of the cell) and striations (dark and light pink alternating)

Question 4

what is the function and location of skeletal muscle

Answer 4

voluntary movement, locomotion
in skeletal muscles attached to bones

Question 5

what does cardiac muscle look like

Answer 5

branched, one nucleus with thinner striations
have intercalated disks that are darker and thicker dark pink lines

Question 6

what is the function of intercalated disks

Answer 6

to connect cardiac muscle cells together and keep the chambers of the heart contracting at the proper rhythm

Question 7

what is the function and location of cardiac muscle

Answer 7

contracts to pump blood, involuntary
walls of the heart

Question 8

what does smooth muscle look like

Answer 8

no striations, looks like a sheet, single nucleus, looks squamous

Question 9

what is the function and location of smooth muscle

Answer 9

moves substances through passageways, involuntary
walls of hollow organs (digestive, respiratory)

Question 10

what is connective tissue made of

Answer 10

cells
extracellular matrix

Question 11

what is the extracellular matrix made of and examples

Answer 11

ground substance (h2o, cell adhesion molecules)
protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)

Question 12

what is the function of ground substances in the ECM

Answer 12

holding cells and fibers together

Question 13

what is the purpose of the ECM

Answer 13

helps solute diffusion. between capillaries and cells
cell support

Question 14

what are the types of connective tissues in order of most rigid to least

Answer 14

bone
cartilage
dense connective tissue
loose connective tissue
blood

Question 15

what is the difference between bone and cartilage regarding blood supply

Answer 15

bone is vascular (gets blood)
cartilage is avascular
cartilage will take longer to heal

Question 16

what does the ending “blasts” and “cytes” mean

Answer 16

blasts: repair and growth (immature)
cytes: maintenance (mature)

Question 17

in connective tissue what do “blasts” do

Answer 17

secrete ground substance and fibers for their specific matrix

Question 18

what else is present in the ECM

Answer 18

fat cells, wbc and macrophages

Question 19

what is bone made up of/structure

Answer 19

osteocytes that sit in lacunae (cavities)
hard matrix of calcium salts
collagen fibers

Question 20

what is the function of bone

Answer 20

protection and support

Question 21

what is cartilage made of

Answer 21

chondrocyte
ECM composition depends on the type of cartilage

Question 22

what are the types of cartilage

Answer 22

hyaline
fibro
elastic

Question 23

composition and location of hyaline cartilage

Answer 23

collagen fibers, glassy/rubbery matrix
trachea, between ribs and sternum, ends of long bones, fetal skeleton, epiphyseal plate

Question 24

characteristics and location of fibrocartilage

Answer 24

highly compressible
vertebral discs

Question 25

composition and location of elastic cartilage

Answer 25

elastic fibers (allows flexibility) epiglottis (flap that prevents food going in trachea), external ear

Question 26

what is the composition of dense connective (fibrous) tissue

Answer 26

collagen fibers, fibroblasts (cells that make fibers)

Question 27

where is dense connective tissue found

Answer 27

tendons ligaments dermis (lower layers of the skin)

Question 28

what is a tendon vs ligament

Answer 28

tendons: skeletal muscle to bone ligament: bone to bone at joints (more elastic)

Question 29

characteristics of loose connective tissue

Answer 29

softer more cells and fewer fibers than other connective tissues (except blood)

Question 30

what are the types of loose connective tissue

Answer 30

areolar adipose reticular

Question 31

characteristics of areolar connective tissue

Answer 31

pliable and soft (cobwebs) like packing tissue holds organs in place (glue) can soak up excess fluid

Question 32

what are layers of areolar tissue called and where is it

Answer 32

lamina propria underlies all membranes

Question 33

what is the composition of adipose tissue and its functions

Answer 33

adipose cells (fat droplet in vacuole) and sparse areolar ECM insulation, protection, fuel storage

Question 34

where is adipose tissue found

Answer 34

tissue below the skin kidneys hips, boobs, belly

Question 35

reticular connective tissue characteristics and location

Answer 35

interwoven fibers with reticular cells (make reticular fibers) associated with blood (holds rbc until they mature) lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Question 36

composition of blood

Answer 36

blood cells, blood plasma, ECM/fibers are only present when clotting happens

Question 37

function of blood

Answer 37

transport of nutrients, wastes and respiratory gases for the cardiovascular system

Question 38

what is an epithelial membrane

Answer 38

body membrane composed of epithelial tissue and connective tissue to anchor them to lower tissues

Question 39

types of epithelial membranes and their functions

Answer 39

cutaneous membrane: cover body surfaces mucous membrane: line body cavities that open to the exterior serous membrane: line body cavities that dont open to the exterior and the organs in the cavities

Question 40

components of the cutaneous membrane

Answer 40

skin epidermis: stratified squamous epithelium dermis: dense connective tissue

Question 41

what does the dermis contain

Answer 41

blood vessels, nerve endings, sweat and oil glands

Question 42

components of mucous membranes

Answer 42

variety of epithelial tissue types epithelial layer has mucous producing cells (goblet) -> moist membrane loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

Question 43

what is the function of the mucous membranes

Answer 43

physical barrier to pathogens absorption or secretion

Question 44

location of mucous membranes (specific) and types of epithelium

Answer 44

nasal cavity, trachea, lung bronchi (pseudostratified columnar, cilia) mouth, esophagus (stratified squamous) stomach to anus (simple columnar)

Question 45

components of serous membranes

Answer 45

simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) on top areolar connective tissue below two layers of ^ with serous fluid in between the layer lining the cavity is called outer parietal the layer lining the organ is called inner visceral

Question 46

what are the names of specific serous membrane and what do they line

Answer 46

pleural cavities (lungs) pericardium (heart) peritoneum (abdominal cavity)