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chapter 8- metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

how does the cell get energy and how does it use it

A

it extracts the energy stored in sugars and other energy containing molecules and applies energy to perform work

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2
Q

what is metabolism

A

totality of an organisms chemical reactions/interactions between molecules within the cell

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3
Q

how do metabolic pathways work

A

they begin with a specific molecule called substrate/reactant and end with product
each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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4
Q

what is a catabolic pathway and example

A

it releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
cellular respiration

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5
Q

what is an anabolic pathways

A

consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
synthesis of proteins

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6
Q

what is bioenergetics

A

the study of how organisms manage their energy resources

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7
Q

what is energy

A

capacity to cause change

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8
Q

types of energy

A

kinetic (motion)
heat (movement)
potential (location)
chemical (available to release)

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9
Q

what is thermodynamics

A

study of energy transformation

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10
Q

difference between isolated and open system

A

isolated cant exchange energy or matter with environment
open can exchange with environment

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11
Q

are organisms open or closed systems

A

open

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12
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics

A

energy cant be created or destroyed

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13
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics

A

energy transfer/transformation increases entropy of universe

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14
Q

do spontaneous processes occur with or without energy

A

without energy

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15
Q

if a process occurs without energy input what does it increase

A

entropy of universe

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16
Q

what does the cell do when it has less ordered materials

A

creates ordered structures
requires energy input

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17
Q

what does an organism do with ordered forms of matter and energy

A

replaces them with less ordered forms

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18
Q

what is free energy

A

delta G
energy that can do work when the temperature and pressure are uniform (cell env.)

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19
Q

what is the formula for free energy

A

delta G = delta H - (T)(delta S)
delta H: enthalpy
delta S: entropy
T is in kelvins

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20
Q

what happens during a spontaneous process regarding free energy and stability

A

delta G must be negative
stability of system increases (moving towards eq)

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21
Q

how is free energy related to stability

A

free energy is a measure of a system’s instability and its tendency to change to a more stable state

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22
Q

what is the state of maximum stability

A

equilibrium

23
Q

what is an exergonic reaction

A

reaction with a net release of free energy
spontaneous

24
Q

what is an endergonic reaction

A

reaction that absorbs free energy from surrounding
nonspontaneous

25
Q

does metabolism ever reach equilibrium

A

no, open systems have a constant flow of energy and matter

26
Q

what are the three kinds of cellular work

A

chemical
transport
mechanical

27
Q

how do cells manage energy resources

A

energy coupling

28
Q

what is energy coupling

A

using an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

29
Q

when atp is broken down what causes the release of energy

A

comes from the chemical change to a state of lower energy

30
Q

what kind of reaction is atp hydrolysis

A

exergonic and can be used to drive an endergonic reaction

31
Q

how does atp drive endergonic reactions

A

by phosphorylation

32
Q

what is the molecule receiving a phosphate now called

A

phosphorylated intermediate

33
Q

how is atp regenerated

A

using adp and energy released from catabolic/exergonic reactions

34
Q

what is a catalyst and example

A

chemical agent that speeds up reaction and is not consumed
enzymes are catalysts

35
Q

what is the activation energy/free energy of activation

A

energy required to start a chemical reaction

36
Q

how do catalytic enzymes affect reactions

A

lower EA barrier
dont affect change in free energy, only speed up reactions that would eventually occur

37
Q

when the enzyme binds to the substrate what is formed

A

enzyme-substrate complex

38
Q

what is an active site

A

region on enzyme where substrate binds

39
Q

what is the induced fit of a substrate

A

enzyme changing shape to better fit around substrate

40
Q

what does the induced fit do

A

brings chemical groups of active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction

41
Q

how does the active site lower the EA barrier

A

orients substrates correctly
strains bonds in substrate
provides favourable microenvironment
covalently bonds to substrate

42
Q

enzyme activity is affected by

A

environmental factors (temp, pH)
chemicals that affect that specific enzyme

43
Q

in which conditions does the enzyme work best

A

conditions that favour the most active shape
specific pH

44
Q

what are cofactors

A

nonprotein enzyme helpers
inorganic or organic (coenzyme)
can be vitamins

45
Q

what is a competitive inhibitor

A

binds to active site
competes with substrate

46
Q

what is a noncompetitive inhibitor

A

doesnt bind to active site but causes a change in shape making active site less effective

47
Q

inhibitors example

A

toxins
poisons
pesticides
antibiotics

48
Q

what does a cell do to regulate metabolism

A

switches genes that code for specific enzymes on/off
regulating enzyme activity

49
Q

what is allosteric regulation

A

either inhibiting or stimulating an enzyme’s activity

50
Q

when does allosteric regulation happen

A

what a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site but affects the proteins functions at a different site

51
Q

how does the binding of an activator vs inhibitor affect the enzyme

A

the activator stabilizes the active form of the enzyme
the inhibitor stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme

52
Q

what is cooperativity

A

form of allosteric regulation that can amplify the enzymes activity

53
Q

what happens in feedback inhibition

A

the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

54
Q

are enzymes located in specific areas of cell

A

yes
enzymes that act as structural components are in membranes
enzymes for cellular respiration are in the mitochondria

school (29 decks)

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