lecture 14- protists

Question 1

what are protists in the eukarya domain

Answer 1

miscellaneous
being reevaluated

Question 2

protists characteristics

Answer 2

motile
asexual and sexual reproduction
aquatic
both autotrophic or heterotrophic
unicellular or multicellular

Question 3

what is alternation of generation

Answer 3

when organisms switch between haploid life stage (sexual) and diploid life stage (asexual)

Question 4

how do each subgroup of protists feed

Answer 4

animal-like: ingestive
fungus-like: absorptive
plant-like: photosynthetic

Question 5

characteristics of animal-like protists

Answer 5

most are single celled
motile (flagella, cilia, pseudopodia)
phagocytosis to feed but exceptions (food vacuole)
no cell wall (some have pellicule)
contractile vacuoles
can be parasitic

Question 6

amoeba characteristics

Answer 6

unicellular
pseudopodia (most are heterotrophic)
contractile vacuole

Question 7

where are amoebas found

Answer 7

soil
freshwater
marine environments

Question 8

ciliates characteristics

Answer 8

heterotrophic (some can be mixotrophs)
cilia for movement
macro and micro nuclei
pellicles

Question 9

where are ciliates found

Answer 9

aquatic ecosystems
wet soil

Question 10

what is the macronucleus for

Answer 10

stores all genetic information for everyday functions
has multiple copies

Question 11

what is the micronuclei for

Answer 11

involved in sexual reproduction (exchange between different strains for genetic diversity

Question 12

what is the role of a pellicle

Answer 12

extra support and protection to the organism

Question 13

how do animal-like protists consume food

Answer 13

heterotrophic
ingest the food through pseudopods or mouth/oral groove
form food vacuoles around it
lysosomes digest the food vacuole

Question 14

how does the stentors macronucleus compare to the paramecium

Answer 14

stentor: subdivided into strings of bead
paramecium: one membrane bound mass of dna

Question 15

how does the stentor use its cilia

Answer 15

creates current to draw in food
can detach from the substrate and swim freely (oval shape)

Question 16

characteristics of flagellates euglenozoans

Answer 16

heterotrophs, photoautotrophs or mixotrophs
pellicle

Question 17

euglena characteristics

Answer 17

pellicle
flagella (1-3)
heterotrophs, mixotrophs
store sugars as paramylon (carb)
eyespot and pigment shield

Question 18

where are euglena found

Answer 18

stagnant pools and ditches
especially when contaminated with manure

Question 19

characteristics of trypanosoma

Answer 19

parasitic
heterotrophic
undulating membrane and flagella
biological vector: tsetse fly

Question 20

symptoms of african sleeping sickness

Answer 20

flips your sleep/wake schedule
fevers
weakness
can enter central nervous system and lead to death

Question 21

what are the other animal-like parasites

Answer 21

giardia
toxoplasma

Question 22

characteristics of giardia

Answer 22

flagella
in mammals intestines
humans are infected by drinking water contaminated with feces containing cysts
campers diarrhea

Question 23

affects of toxoplasma

Answer 23

neurological disorders, cancers, personality changes

Question 24

characteristics of fungus-like protists

Answer 24

heterotrophic (decomposers)
hyphae as structure
spores for reproduction

Question 25

where are fungus-like protists found

Answer 25

soil water as parasites on fish and plants

Question 26

why are fungus-like protists similar to fungus

Answer 26

convergent evolution

Question 27

what is convergent evolution

Answer 27

species being similar because they are in the same environment and not because they share a common ancestor

Question 28

what are oomycetes and their characteristics

Answer 28

water molds cell walls: cellulose-like and glycan flagella for a part of their life cycle absorptive feeders

Question 29

characteristics of slime molds

Answer 29

phagocytic cells sometimes have cell wall (plasmodium stage), sometimes have flagella, sometimes pseudopodia form mass of slime during life cycle

Question 30

what are spores

Answer 30

what the organism makes when conditions get harsh (sporangia: spore clusters) they get dispersed to new habitats

Question 31

characteristics of plant-like protists

Answer 31

photosynthetic both unicellular or multicellular

Question 32

where are plant-like protists found

Answer 32

freshwater or marine water

Question 33

what protists are considered green algae

Answer 33

desmids, volvox, seaweed

Question 34

characteristics of green algae

Answer 34

cellulose cell wall store excess glucose as starch used for thickening agent (ice cream, pudding) nori

Question 35

how did chloroplasts evolve

Answer 35

heterotrophic protists acquired a cyanobacterial symbiont which eventually became the chloroplast

Question 36

cell arrangement of desmids, volvox and seaweed

Answer 36

desmids: unicellular volvox: colonial seaweed: multicellular

Question 37

what are dinoflagellates

Answer 37

red algae

Question 38

what are the characteristics of red algae

Answer 38

unicellular phtosynthetic (can be mixotrophs) flagella reddish foundation of food chain for coral reefs

Question 39

why is red algae red

Answer 39

chloroplasts have chlorophyl a, c2 and carotenoids

Question 40

what is plankton composed of

Answer 40

small floating or weak swimming organisms

Question 41

what are red tides

Answer 41

dinoflagellate blooms toxins are released (neurotoxin that can cause serious neurological affects to organisms that ingest the affected shelfish)

Question 42

what is a zooxanthellae

Answer 42

unicellular yellow-brown algae that lives within corals mutualistic

Question 43

what are the benefits of the coral-zooxanthellae relationship

Answer 43

coral: gets food as photosynthetic products zooxathellae: gets protection, co2 and light corals are fully dependent on mutualistic algae

Question 44

diatom characteristics

Answer 44

unicellular cell wall of silica yellow-brown chloroplasts no flagella or cilia store excess sugar as oil/petroleum

Question 45

what is the role of phytoplankton and what is it made of

Answer 45

primary producers (bottom of food chain) algae (mainly diatoms) and photosynthetic bacteria

Question 46

main role of zooplankton and what is it made off

Answer 46

primary consumers non-photosynthetic protists

Question 47

role of protists on land

Answer 47

decomposing organic matter (slime mold)