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school > lecture 17- animals > Flashcards

lecture 17- animals Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of animals

A

eukaryotic cells with no cell wall
multicellular with cell specialization
chemoheterotrophics
motile
most sexually reproduce
respond quickly to stimuli and have the nervous and muscle tissue to do so

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2
Q

what is asymmetry

A

body that cant be divided into symmetrical parts

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3
Q

what is radial symmetry

A

any cut along the central body axis will result in similar halves

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4
Q

what is bilateral symmetry

A

if you cut the body in half you get mirror halves

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5
Q

what is intracellular digestion and an example

A

digestion that occurs inside the cells
sponges

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6
Q

how does intracellular digestion work

A

food vacuoles are made around the food by phagocytosis
lysosomes break them down using hydrolytic enzymes

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7
Q

what is extracellular digestion

A

digestion that occurs outside of cells

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8
Q

where does extracellular digestion happen

A

in a compartment of the body that is continuous with the outside of the animals body (mouth to anus in humans)

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9
Q

how is food absorbed in humans

A

via capillaries in the small intestine

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10
Q

what is diffusion

A

nutrients, gases and chemical waste diffuse between the cells and the environment
over small distances
cells need to be in constant contact with the environment (unicellular or one cell thick)

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11
Q

what are the functions of the circulatory system

A

gives cells access to substances present in external environments
integrates most of the other body systems

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12
Q

what are the types of circulatory systems

A

open and closed

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13
Q

characteristics of an open circulatory system

A

vessels are open ended
bathes tissues directly
blood and interstitial fluid are mixed
what spills out of the ends will diffuse back into the circulatory system

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14
Q

what is hemolymph

A

mixture of the blood and interstitial fluid in open system circulatory systems

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15
Q

who has an open circulatory system

A

insects, spiders and mollusks

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16
Q

characteristics of closed circulatory systems

A

no open ends
continuous circuit of blood vessels
blood is distinct of interstitial fluid
most efficient

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17
Q

who has a closed circulatory system

A

segmented worms, squid, octopus
birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals

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18
Q

what are the two types of respiratory systems

A

diffusion and respiratory surface

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19
Q

what is a respiratory surface

A

part of animal where gases are exchanged with the environment
movement of gases is done by diffusion

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20
Q

what are the characteristics of respiratory surfaces

A

thin
large surface area (air sacs in lungs to make them bigger)
moist (helps gases diffuse faster)

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21
Q

what are types of respiratory surfaces

A

tracheal systems (insects)
gills
lungs

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22
Q

what are the nine phylums in the animalia kingdom

A

porifera
cnidaria
platyhelminthes
mollusca
annelida
nematoda
arthropoda
echinodermata
chordata

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23
Q

animals in porifera

A

animals with porous bodies
sponges

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24
Q

animals in cnidaria

A

jelly fish, corals, hydra

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25
Q

animals in platyhelminthes

A

flatworms
tapeworms, planaria

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26
Q

animals in mollusca

A

snail, clam, oyster, squid, octopus

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27
Q

animals in annelida

A

segmented worms
earthworms, leeches

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28
Q

animals in nematoda

A

roundworms
pinworms, ascaris

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29
Q

animals in arthropoda

A

spiders, centipedes, insects, crustaceans

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30
Q

animals in echinodermata

A

starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars

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31
Q

what is the only phylum that does intracellular digestion

A

porifera
sponges

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32
Q

which phylums have asymmetry

A

porifera
sponges

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33
Q

which phylums have radial symmetry

A

cnidaria
jellyfish, hydra, corals

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34
Q

which phylums have segmentations

A

annelida (segmented worms)
arthropoda (spiders, insects)
chordata (reduced)

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35
Q

which phylums have special symmetry and what is it

A

echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars)
they are bilateral as larvae and radial as adults

36
Q

which phylums have a circulatory system

A

annelida (segmented worms)
mollusca (snail, clam, oyster)
arthropoda (spiders, insects)
chordata (vertabrates)

37
Q

which phylums have a closed circulatory systems

A

annelida (segmented worms)
chordata (vertebrates)

38
Q

which phylums have an open circulatory system

A

mollusca (snail, oyster, squid)
arthropoda (spiders, insects)

39
Q

which phylums have respiratory systems

A

mollusca (snail, oyster, squid)
arthropoda (spiders, insects)
echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins)
chordata (vertebrates)

40
Q

what kind of respiratory surface does mollusca have

A

gills
lungs

41
Q

what kind of respiratory surface does arthropoda have

A

trachae
gills
book lungs

42
Q

what kind of respiratory surface does echinodermata have

A

tube feet
skin gills
respiratory tree

43
Q

what type of respiratory surface do chordata have

A

gills
lungs

44
Q

what are the most common characteristics of the phylums

A

bilateral symmetry
absent segmentation
extracellular digestion
absent circulatory system
absent respiratory system (diffusion)

45
Q

what are choanocytes

A

flagellated cells that engulfs food particles via phagocytosis

46
Q

how are choanocytes related to protists

A

choanoflagellate is a protist ancestor which is believed to be the closest living relative of animals

47
Q

which phylum has choanocytes

A

porifera
sponges

48
Q

what are cnidocytes

A

cells that have stinging structures
used to capture prey

49
Q

what phylum have cnidocytes

A

cnidaria
jellyfish, hydra, corals

50
Q

which mollusca animals have what type of circulatory system

A

open: snails, mussles, chitons
closed: squids

51
Q

is a tracheal system for aquatic or terrestrial environment

A

terrestrial

52
Q

what is special about echinodermata circulatory and respiratory systems

A

they are water vascular systems
they use water to transport nutrients and gases

53
Q

what are the special characteristics of chordata

A

dorsal hollow nerve chord
notochord
pharyngeal gill slits
post anal tail

54
Q

where are the pharyngeal gill slits now in humans

A

in the inner ear

55
Q

dorsal hollow nerve chord

A

becomes the central nervous system

56
Q

what is the notochord

A

flexible rodlike structure that becomes the main support of the body

57
Q

what are the main vertebrate groups

A

jawless fish
cartilaginous fish
bony fish
amphibians
reptiles
birds
mammals

58
Q

characteristics of jawless fish and example

A

lack jaws, fins and scales
cartilaginous skeleton
lampreys

59
Q

characteristics of cartilaginous fish and example

A

jaws
paired fins
mostly cartilaginous skeleton
sharks, rays

60
Q

characteristics of bony fish and example

A

jaws
fins and scales
bony skeleton
lungfish, salmon

61
Q

characteristics of amphibians and example

A

cold blooded
moist scaleless skin
four limbs
have bones to prevent the collapse of bodies on land
frogs, salamanders

62
Q

characteristics of reptiles and example

A

cold blooded
dry scaly skin
snakes, lizards

63
Q

characteristics of birds

A

feathers
wings
no teeth
warm blooded

64
Q

characteristics of mammals

A

warm blooded
hair
mammary glands
specialized teeth
enlarged skull

65
Q

how do amphibians breathe

A

through their skin usually with gills or lungs too

66
Q

how do reptiles breathe

A

with lungs

67
Q

what is regeneration and what type of reproduction is it

A

a piece of the parent is detached and it grows into a new individual
asexual

68
Q

what is budding and what type of reproduction is it

A

a new individual grows out of the parent organism
asexual

69
Q

what is parthenogenesis and what kind of reproduction is it

A

development of an unfertilized egg in an adult individual
asexual

70
Q

how does reproduction in water work

A

gametes are released in large numbers
no physical contact between male and female
eggs must stay in water to avoid dehydration
external fertilization

71
Q

reproduction on land characteristics

A

internal fertilization
no longer need water

72
Q

what are spermatophores and who produces them

A

packages of sperm sealed in capsules
insects

73
Q

what does the amniotic egg allow

A

births away from water

74
Q

parts of the amniotic egg

A

amnion
allantois
yolk sac
chorion

75
Q

what does the amnion do

A

protects embryo from injury and dehydration (fluid filled sac)

76
Q

what does the allantois do

A

collects waste

77
Q

what does the yolk sac do

A

provide nutrients (proteins, fats and vitamins)

78
Q

what does the chorion do

A

gas exchange (shell allows co2 and o2 to move through)

79
Q

amniotic egg drawbacks

A

not good against predators
cant survive big environmental changes

80
Q

how did mammals evolve for reproduction on land

A

internal fertilization
internal development of youth

81
Q

how are mammals divided

A

monotremes
marsupials
eutherians

82
Q

characteristics of monotremes

A

lay eggs and incubate eggs
echidnas and platypus

83
Q

where exclusively do monotremes live

A

australia and new guinea

84
Q

characteristics of marsupials

A

have internal development of young
young are born prematurely and continue to grow in the pouch
kangaroos, koalas, opossums

85
Q

characteristics of eutherians

A

young develop in the uterus
joined to the mother with a placenta

86
Q

what is the role of the placenta

A

acts as intermediary between mother’s blood and baby’s blood
gives nutrients and gases and disposes of waste by diffusion

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