lecture 17- animals Flashcards
characteristics of animals
eukaryotic cells with no cell wall
multicellular with cell specialization
chemoheterotrophics
motile
most sexually reproduce
respond quickly to stimuli and have the nervous and muscle tissue to do so
what is asymmetry
body that cant be divided into symmetrical parts
what is radial symmetry
any cut along the central body axis will result in similar halves
what is bilateral symmetry
if you cut the body in half you get mirror halves
what is intracellular digestion and an example
digestion that occurs inside the cells
sponges
how does intracellular digestion work
food vacuoles are made around the food by phagocytosis
lysosomes break them down using hydrolytic enzymes
what is extracellular digestion
digestion that occurs outside of cells
where does extracellular digestion happen
in a compartment of the body that is continuous with the outside of the animals body (mouth to anus in humans)
how is food absorbed in humans
via capillaries in the small intestine
what is diffusion
nutrients, gases and chemical waste diffuse between the cells and the environment
over small distances
cells need to be in constant contact with the environment (unicellular or one cell thick)
what are the functions of the circulatory system
gives cells access to substances present in external environments
integrates most of the other body systems
what are the types of circulatory systems
open and closed
characteristics of an open circulatory system
vessels are open ended
bathes tissues directly
blood and interstitial fluid are mixed
what spills out of the ends will diffuse back into the circulatory system
what is hemolymph
mixture of the blood and interstitial fluid in open system circulatory systems
who has an open circulatory system
insects, spiders and mollusks
characteristics of closed circulatory systems
no open ends
continuous circuit of blood vessels
blood is distinct of interstitial fluid
most efficient
who has a closed circulatory system
segmented worms, squid, octopus
birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals
what are the two types of respiratory systems
diffusion and respiratory surface
what is a respiratory surface
part of animal where gases are exchanged with the environment
movement of gases is done by diffusion
what are the characteristics of respiratory surfaces
thin
large surface area (air sacs in lungs to make them bigger)
moist (helps gases diffuse faster)
what are types of respiratory surfaces
tracheal systems (insects)
gills
lungs
what are the nine phylums in the animalia kingdom
porifera
cnidaria
platyhelminthes
mollusca
annelida
nematoda
arthropoda
echinodermata
chordata
animals in porifera
animals with porous bodies
sponges
animals in cnidaria
jelly fish, corals, hydra
animals in platyhelminthes
flatworms
tapeworms, planaria
animals in mollusca
snail, clam, oyster, squid, octopus
animals in annelida
segmented worms
earthworms, leeches
animals in nematoda
roundworms
pinworms, ascaris
animals in arthropoda
spiders, centipedes, insects, crustaceans
animals in echinodermata
starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars
what is the only phylum that does intracellular digestion
porifera
sponges
which phylums have asymmetry
porifera
sponges
which phylums have radial symmetry
cnidaria
jellyfish, hydra, corals
which phylums have segmentations
annelida (segmented worms)
arthropoda (spiders, insects)
chordata (reduced)
which phylums have special symmetry and what is it
echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars)
they are bilateral as larvae and radial as adults
which phylums have a circulatory system
annelida (segmented worms)
mollusca (snail, clam, oyster)
arthropoda (spiders, insects)
chordata (vertabrates)
which phylums have a closed circulatory systems
annelida (segmented worms)
chordata (vertebrates)
which phylums have an open circulatory system
mollusca (snail, oyster, squid)
arthropoda (spiders, insects)
which phylums have respiratory systems
mollusca (snail, oyster, squid)
arthropoda (spiders, insects)
echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins)
chordata (vertebrates)
what kind of respiratory surface does mollusca have
gills
lungs
what kind of respiratory surface does arthropoda have
trachae
gills
book lungs
what kind of respiratory surface does echinodermata have
tube feet
skin gills
respiratory tree
what type of respiratory surface do chordata have
gills
lungs
what are the most common characteristics of the phylums
bilateral symmetry
absent segmentation
extracellular digestion
absent circulatory system
absent respiratory system (diffusion)
what are choanocytes
flagellated cells that engulfs food particles via phagocytosis
how are choanocytes related to protists
choanoflagellate is a protist ancestor which is believed to be the closest living relative of animals
which phylum has choanocytes
porifera
sponges
what are cnidocytes
cells that have stinging structures
used to capture prey
what phylum have cnidocytes
cnidaria
jellyfish, hydra, corals
which mollusca animals have what type of circulatory system
open: snails, mussles, chitons
closed: squids
is a tracheal system for aquatic or terrestrial environment
terrestrial
what is special about echinodermata circulatory and respiratory systems
they are water vascular systems
they use water to transport nutrients and gases
what are the special characteristics of chordata
dorsal hollow nerve chord
notochord
pharyngeal gill slits
post anal tail
where are the pharyngeal gill slits now in humans
in the inner ear
dorsal hollow nerve chord
becomes the central nervous system
what is the notochord
flexible rodlike structure that becomes the main support of the body
what are the main vertebrate groups
jawless fish
cartilaginous fish
bony fish
amphibians
reptiles
birds
mammals
characteristics of jawless fish and example
lack jaws, fins and scales
cartilaginous skeleton
lampreys
characteristics of cartilaginous fish and example
jaws
paired fins
mostly cartilaginous skeleton
sharks, rays
characteristics of bony fish and example
jaws
fins and scales
bony skeleton
lungfish, salmon
characteristics of amphibians and example
cold blooded
moist scaleless skin
four limbs
have bones to prevent the collapse of bodies on land
frogs, salamanders
characteristics of reptiles and example
cold blooded
dry scaly skin
snakes, lizards
characteristics of birds
feathers
wings
no teeth
warm blooded
characteristics of mammals
warm blooded
hair
mammary glands
specialized teeth
enlarged skull
how do amphibians breathe
through their skin usually with gills or lungs too
how do reptiles breathe
with lungs
what is regeneration and what type of reproduction is it
a piece of the parent is detached and it grows into a new individual
asexual
what is budding and what type of reproduction is it
a new individual grows out of the parent organism
asexual
what is parthenogenesis and what kind of reproduction is it
development of an unfertilized egg in an adult individual
asexual
how does reproduction in water work
gametes are released in large numbers
no physical contact between male and female
eggs must stay in water to avoid dehydration
external fertilization
reproduction on land characteristics
internal fertilization
no longer need water
what are spermatophores and who produces them
packages of sperm sealed in capsules
insects
what does the amniotic egg allow
births away from water
parts of the amniotic egg
amnion
allantois
yolk sac
chorion
what does the amnion do
protects embryo from injury and dehydration (fluid filled sac)
what does the allantois do
collects waste
what does the yolk sac do
provide nutrients (proteins, fats and vitamins)
what does the chorion do
gas exchange (shell allows co2 and o2 to move through)
amniotic egg drawbacks
not good against predators
cant survive big environmental changes
how did mammals evolve for reproduction on land
internal fertilization
internal development of youth
how are mammals divided
monotremes
marsupials
eutherians
characteristics of monotremes
lay eggs and incubate eggs
echidnas and platypus
where exclusively do monotremes live
australia and new guinea
characteristics of marsupials
have internal development of young
young are born prematurely and continue to grow in the pouch
kangaroos, koalas, opossums
characteristics of eutherians
young develop in the uterus
joined to the mother with a placenta
what is the role of the placenta
acts as intermediary between mother’s blood and baby’s blood
gives nutrients and gases and disposes of waste by diffusion
