lecture 17- animals Flashcards by maya p

characteristics of animals

eukaryotic cells with no cell wall
multicellular with cell specialization
chemoheterotrophics
motile
most sexually reproduce
respond quickly to stimuli and have the nervous and muscle tissue to do so

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what is asymmetry

body that cant be divided into symmetrical parts

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what is radial symmetry

any cut along the central body axis will result in similar halves

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what is bilateral symmetry

if you cut the body in half you get mirror halves

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what is intracellular digestion and an example

digestion that occurs inside the cells
sponges

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how does intracellular digestion work

food vacuoles are made around the food by phagocytosis
lysosomes break them down using hydrolytic enzymes

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what is extracellular digestion

digestion that occurs outside of cells

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where does extracellular digestion happen

in a compartment of the body that is continuous with the outside of the animals body (mouth to anus in humans)

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how is food absorbed in humans

via capillaries in the small intestine

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what is diffusion

nutrients, gases and chemical waste diffuse between the cells and the environment
over small distances
cells need to be in constant contact with the environment (unicellular or one cell thick)

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what are the functions of the circulatory system

gives cells access to substances present in external environments
integrates most of the other body systems

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what are the types of circulatory systems

open and closed

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characteristics of an open circulatory system

vessels are open ended
bathes tissues directly
blood and interstitial fluid are mixed
what spills out of the ends will diffuse back into the circulatory system

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what is hemolymph

mixture of the blood and interstitial fluid in open system circulatory systems

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who has an open circulatory system

insects, spiders and mollusks

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characteristics of closed circulatory systems

no open ends
continuous circuit of blood vessels
blood is distinct of interstitial fluid
most efficient

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who has a closed circulatory system

segmented worms, squid, octopus
birds, reptiles, amphibians and mammals

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what are the two types of respiratory systems

diffusion and respiratory surface

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what is a respiratory surface

part of animal where gases are exchanged with the environment
movement of gases is done by diffusion

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what are the characteristics of respiratory surfaces

thin
large surface area (air sacs in lungs to make them bigger)
moist (helps gases diffuse faster)

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what are types of respiratory surfaces

tracheal systems (insects)
gills
lungs

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what are the nine phylums in the animalia kingdom

porifera
cnidaria
platyhelminthes
mollusca
annelida
nematoda
arthropoda
echinodermata
chordata

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animals in porifera

animals with porous bodies
sponges

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animals in cnidaria

jelly fish, corals, hydra

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animals in platyhelminthes

flatworms tapeworms, planaria

animals in mollusca

snail, clam, oyster, squid, octopus

animals in annelida

segmented worms earthworms, leeches

animals in nematoda

roundworms pinworms, ascaris

animals in arthropoda

spiders, centipedes, insects, crustaceans

animals in echinodermata

starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars

what is the only phylum that does intracellular digestion

porifera sponges

which phylums have asymmetry

porifera sponges

which phylums have radial symmetry

cnidaria jellyfish, hydra, corals

which phylums have segmentations

annelida (segmented worms) arthropoda (spiders, insects) chordata (reduced)

which phylums have special symmetry and what is it

echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars) they are bilateral as larvae and radial as adults

which phylums have a circulatory system

annelida (segmented worms) mollusca (snail, clam, oyster) arthropoda (spiders, insects) chordata (vertabrates)

which phylums have a closed circulatory systems

annelida (segmented worms) chordata (vertebrates)

which phylums have an open circulatory system

mollusca (snail, oyster, squid) arthropoda (spiders, insects)

which phylums have respiratory systems

mollusca (snail, oyster, squid) arthropoda (spiders, insects) echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins) chordata (vertebrates)

what kind of respiratory surface does mollusca have

gills lungs

what kind of respiratory surface does arthropoda have

trachae gills book lungs

what kind of respiratory surface does echinodermata have

tube feet skin gills respiratory tree

what type of respiratory surface do chordata have

gills lungs

what are the most common characteristics of the phylums

bilateral symmetry absent segmentation extracellular digestion absent circulatory system absent respiratory system (diffusion)

what are choanocytes

flagellated cells that engulfs food particles via phagocytosis

how are choanocytes related to protists

choanoflagellate is a protist ancestor which is believed to be the closest living relative of animals

which phylum has choanocytes

porifera sponges

what are cnidocytes

cells that have stinging structures used to capture prey

what phylum have cnidocytes

cnidaria jellyfish, hydra, corals

which mollusca animals have what type of circulatory system

open: snails, mussles, chitons closed: squids

is a tracheal system for aquatic or terrestrial environment

terrestrial

what is special about echinodermata circulatory and respiratory systems

they are water vascular systems they use water to transport nutrients and gases

what are the special characteristics of chordata

dorsal hollow nerve chord notochord pharyngeal gill slits post anal tail

where are the pharyngeal gill slits now in humans

in the inner ear

dorsal hollow nerve chord

becomes the central nervous system

what is the notochord

flexible rodlike structure that becomes the main support of the body

what are the main vertebrate groups

jawless fish cartilaginous fish bony fish amphibians reptiles birds mammals

characteristics of jawless fish and example

lack jaws, fins and scales cartilaginous skeleton lampreys

characteristics of cartilaginous fish and example

jaws paired fins mostly cartilaginous skeleton sharks, rays

characteristics of bony fish and example

jaws fins and scales bony skeleton lungfish, salmon

characteristics of amphibians and example

cold blooded moist scaleless skin four limbs have bones to prevent the collapse of bodies on land frogs, salamanders

characteristics of reptiles and example

cold blooded dry scaly skin snakes, lizards

characteristics of birds

feathers wings no teeth warm blooded

characteristics of mammals

warm blooded hair mammary glands specialized teeth enlarged skull

how do amphibians breathe

through their skin usually with gills or lungs too

how do reptiles breathe

with lungs

what is regeneration and what type of reproduction is it

a piece of the parent is detached and it grows into a new individual asexual

what is budding and what type of reproduction is it

a new individual grows out of the parent organism asexual

what is parthenogenesis and what kind of reproduction is it

development of an unfertilized egg in an adult individual asexual

how does reproduction in water work

gametes are released in large numbers no physical contact between male and female eggs must stay in water to avoid dehydration external fertilization

reproduction on land characteristics

internal fertilization no longer need water

what are spermatophores and who produces them

packages of sperm sealed in capsules insects

what does the amniotic egg allow

births away from water

parts of the amniotic egg

amnion allantois yolk sac chorion

what does the amnion do

protects embryo from injury and dehydration (fluid filled sac)

what does the allantois do

collects waste

what does the yolk sac do

provide nutrients (proteins, fats and vitamins)

what does the chorion do

gas exchange (shell allows co2 and o2 to move through)

amniotic egg drawbacks

not good against predators cant survive big environmental changes

how did mammals evolve for reproduction on land

internal fertilization internal development of youth

how are mammals divided

monotremes marsupials eutherians

characteristics of monotremes

lay eggs and incubate eggs echidnas and platypus

where exclusively do monotremes live

australia and new guinea

characteristics of marsupials

have internal development of young young are born prematurely and continue to grow in the pouch kangaroos, koalas, opossums

characteristics of eutherians

young develop in the uterus joined to the mother with a placenta

what is the role of the placenta

acts as intermediary between mother's blood and baby's blood gives nutrients and gases and disposes of waste by diffusion