cardivascular system (6a) Flashcards
functions of the cardiovascular system
transporting oxygen, hormones and nutrients to deliver them to the body
removing CO2, ammonia and metabolic wastes from cells and tissues
what and where is the PMI
point of maximal intensity (where pulse is strongest)
at the apex of the heart (5th intercostal space)
what are the components of the pericardium
from superficial to deep
fibrous pericardium
parietal layer of serous pericardium
pericardial cavity (filled with serous fluid)
visceral layer of serous pericardium
functions of the pericardium
protection
anchoring to surrounding structures like diaphragm
what are the components of the heart wall
epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
myocardium (cardiac muscle)
endocardium (endothelium)
which ventricle is thicker and why
left ventricle because it pumps blood to the whole body unlike the right one who pumps to the lungs
what are the components of the pulmonary circuit
right side of the heart
pulmonary arteries
capillary beds of the lungs
pulmonary veins
what are the components of the systemic circuit
left side of the heart
aorta and branches
capillary beds of all tissues
vena cavae
what are chordae tendineae
the fibers connected to the av valves and the papillary muscles
where do arteries and veins carry blood to
arteries: away from heart
veins: to the heart
characteristics of atria
receive blood from veins
blood enters under low pressure and leaves when pressure becomes high
characteristics of the ventricles
called discharging chambers
when they contract the blood is propelled into arteries
what are the great vessels of the heart and where do they go
superior vena cava: upper body to right atrium
inferior vena cava: lower body to right atrium
pulmonary veins: lungs to left atrium
pulmonary trunk: right ventricle to lungs via pulmonary arteries
aorta: left ventricle to the body
the first three branches of the aorta are called what and where do they go
braciocephalic trunk: right arm
left common carotid artery: head
left subclavian artery: left arm
what are the names of the veins and arteries directly on the heart
right coronary artery
circumflex artery
left coronary artery
marginal artery
anterior cardiac vein
great cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
coronary sinus (largest vein)
function of coronary arteries
branch from the aorta to supply cardiac muscle with oxygen
function of cardiac veins
drain myocardium of blood
function of coronary sinus
receiving blood from cardiac veins and empties it into the right atrium
what are the 4 heart valves
left and right atrioventricular (AV) valves: right is tricuspid, left is bicuspid
pulmonary (right) and aortic (left) semilunar valves: both have 3 flaps/cusps
functions of the heart valves
allowing blood to flow in one direction to prevent backflow (leaking)
they open or close based on pressure changes
when are AV valves open/closed
open during heart relaxation (blood flowing in)
closed when ventricles contract
when are semilunar valves open/closed
closed during heart relaxation
open during ventricular contraction
characteristics of congestive heart failure
sides dont pump at the same time
left side fails: pulmonary congestion = fluid accumulation in lungs = drowning
right side fails: peripheral congestion = fluid accumulation in tissues = edema
does cardiac muscle contracting depend on nerve impulses
no
they have an intrinsic conduction system to ensure that all the chambers follow the same regular and continuous rhythm (75 bpm)
