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anatomy and physiology (1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is anatomy

A

study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

what is physiology

A

study of the function of body parts and how they work

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3
Q

what is gross or macroscopic anatomy

A

study of large visible structures

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4
Q

what are the types of macroscopic anatomy and what are they

A

regional anatomy (structures in an area) and system anatomy (system duh)

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5
Q

what is microscopic anatomy

A

study of structures that can only be seen by microscope

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6
Q

what is developmental anatomy

A

study of all structural changes (gross/macroscopic) from fertilization to postnatal stages

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7
Q

what are the levels of structural organization

A

chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

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8
Q

what are the types of basic tissue

A

muscle
nervous
connective
epithelial

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9
Q

what is the standard anatomical position

A

standing forward with thumbs pointing out

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10
Q

what are the terms used to describe a body part that is above another vs one that is below

A

superior/cranial is above
inferior/caudal is lower

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11
Q

what does anterior/ventral mean

A

at the front of the body (stomach)

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12
Q

what does posterior/dorsal mean

A

at the back of the body (back)

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13
Q

what does medial mean

A

at the middle of the body

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14
Q

what does lateral mean

A

on the outer side of the body, away from middle

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15
Q

what does intermediate mean

A

between the outside and middle of the body

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16
Q

what does proximal mean

A

that the part is closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

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17
Q

what does distal mean

A

that the part is farther from the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

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18
Q

what does superficial/external mean

A

towards or at the body surface

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19
Q

what does deep/internal mean

A

away from the body surface

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20
Q

what does cephalic refer to

A

head region

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21
Q

what does cervical refer to

A

neck region

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22
Q

what does thoracic refer to

A

region from neck to end of ribs

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23
Q

what does abdominal refer to

A

region from ribs to abs

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24
Q

what does pelvic refer to

A

region after abs and before genitals

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25
what does pubic refer to
genital region
26
what does upper limb refer to
arm region
27
what does manus refer to
hand region
28
what does lower limb refer to
leg region
29
what does pedal refer to
foot region
30
what does dorsal refer to
back region
31
what are the types of body planes
sagittal coronal/frontal transverse
32
what is a sagittal plane
vertical cut into left and right makes sagittal section midsagittal/median when cut of body or organ is perfectly centered
33
what is a transverse plane
horizontal cut makes cross section
34
what is a frontal/coronal plane
vertical cut into front and back makes frontal/coronal section
35
what are the two types of body cavities and their purpose
dorsal: protects nervous system ventral: protects viscera/internal organs
36
what separates body cavities
a lining called the serous membrane which lubricates the organs and prevents them from rubbing on each other
37
what are the dorsal body cavities
cranial cavity (brain) spinal/vertebral cavity (spinal cord)
38
what are the ventral body cavities
thoracic cavity abdominopelvic cavity (made up of abdominal and pelvic cavities)
39
what separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
the diaphragm
40
what are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity
pleural cavities (each houses one lung) mediastinum (between lungs) pericardial cavity (encloses heart)
41
what is the mediastinum
it contains organs such as the esophagus and trachea contains the pericardial cavity
42
what are the subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, liver, spleen) pelvic cavity (urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum) they are not separated by a physical barrier
43
what are the other body cavities
oral and digestive (mouth) nasal (nose) orbital (eyes) middle ear (ears) synovial (joints)
44
how many organ systems are there in the human body
11 integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic respiratory digestive reproductive urinary
45
characteristics of integumentary system
hair, skin and nails protects from injury and pathogens regulates body temp. and prevents water loss makes vitamin d has sensory receptors
46
characteristics of skeletal system
bones and joints protects and supports body organs provides muscle attachment for movement blood cell formation in red bone marrow stores minerals (calcium and phosphorous)
47
what are the two subdivisions of the skeletal system
axial (top to bottom, head, trunk, spinal column) appendicular (limbs and girdles)
48
characteristics of the muscular system
skeletal muscles locomotion, movement and facial expressions maintains posture produces heat
49
characteristics of the nervous system
brain, spinal cord and nerves control system generates action potential to regulate body activities detects changes in external and internal env. then responds accordingly
50
characteristics of the endocrine system
pineal gland, pituitary glans, thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas and ovary/testes slower acting control system releases hormones to regulate body activity
51
characteristics of the cardiovascular system
heart and blood vessels pumps blood that contains gases and nutrients regulates pH and body temp. can defend against disease
52
characteristics of the lymphatic system
red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen and lymph nodes returns fluids and proteins to blood carries lipids absorbed to blood lymphocytes maturing structures
53
characteristics of the respiratory system
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus and lungs transfer gases regulates pH vocal cords
54
characteristics of the digestive system
oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, intestines, rectum and anus breakdown of food absorbs nutrients eliminates solid waste
55
characteristics of the urinary system
kidney, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra eliminates nitrogenous waste regulates volume and chemical composition of blood regulates pH produces hormone that regulates production of red blood cells
56
characteristics of the reproductive system
female: mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina and uterine tube ovaries produce eggs, estrogen and progesterone male: prostate gland, penis, testis, ductus deferens and scrotum testes produce sperm and testosterone
57
what is a homeostatic imbalance
disease is a disturbance in homeostatic equilibrium
58
what is required for homeostasis
receptor (responds to stimuli and sends info to control center) control center (determines set point, analyzes info, determines response) effector (responds to stimuli)
59
what are the pathways of homeostasis
afferent (towards control center) efferent (away from control center)
60
what is the control center for body temp.
hypothalamus in the brain
61
what is a hernia
when an organ shifts into a different body cavity

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