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lecture 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of nucleic acids

A

store and transmit genes
program amino acid sequence of polypeptide (proteins)

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2
Q

structure of nucleic acids

A

made of nucleotides

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3
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)
ribonucleic acid (rna)

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4
Q

what does the dna do

A

stores information for protein synthesis
acts as a blueprint to make the proteins

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5
Q

what does the rna do

A

directs protein synthesis
acts as messenger to relay information from dna

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6
Q

what replaces thymine in rna

A

uracil

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7
Q

what is the structure of nucleic acids

A

a phosphate molecule
a 5 carbon sugar
a nitrogenous base

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8
Q

what sugars do dna and rna have

A

dna has deoxyribose
rna has ribose

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9
Q

what kind of formation do the dna strands have

A

antiparallel formation
3 prime to 5 prime

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10
Q

what are the functions of histones

A

wind the dna to fit 2m into 10 nanometers of space
control gene activation and deactivation

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11
Q

what do gene have to do with proteins

A

genes have the information needed to make the specific protein and the primary sequence of the protein

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12
Q

what are the two major steps in protein synthesis

A

transcription
translation

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13
Q

what are the steps of transcription

A
  1. separation of dna at a particular gene
  2. synthesis of mRNA (using uracil)
  3. mRNA is sent to cytosol
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14
Q

what is the start codon of transcription

A

AUG

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15
Q

do the start/stop codon code for amino acids

A

only the start codon

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16
Q

what are codons

A

group of three nucleotides that code for one amino acid

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17
Q

what are the characteristics of mRNA

A

single stranded
synthesized in nucleus with the help of enzymes and dna
has the information of one gene

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18
Q

what is translation

A

the assembly of the protein’s primary structure according to the codon sequence on the mRNA

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19
Q

what does the tRNA do

A

decode the codons of mRNA

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20
Q

how does the tRNA work

A

it has anti codons that complementary bind to the mRNA codons while creating an amino acid chain

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21
Q

how many codons are there

A

64 (1 start, 3 stop and 61 amino acids)

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22
Q

how many anticodons are there

A

31 (many codons code for the same amino acid)

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23
Q

what does the rRNA do

A

links mRNA and tRNA

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24
Q

what is the structure of rRNA

A

3 tRNA binding sites:
1. A site (aminoacyl-tRNA)
2. P site (peptidyl-tRNA)
3. E site (exit site)

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25
what is the process of translation
tRNA attaches to the start codon at the P site the next tRNA attaches to the A site the ribosome moves along the mRNA which makes the tRNA leave through the exit site this builds the amino acid chain until the stop codon is reached
26
when the stop codon is reached what happens
a release factor binds to the A site which causes a water molecule to be added to hydrolysis the chain this releases the polypeptide
27
what is the range of cell size*
8 to 100 um
28
why are cells so small*
because as cell size increase the metabolic needs of the cell increases the surface area is smaller than the volume so it can't meet the demands
29
what does having a smaller volume mean for a cell*
less metabolic demands but also less surface area to transport materials in and out
30
what is the range of size for prokaryotic cells*
1-10 um
31
how do you classify organisms in the bacteria domain*
using the gram test
32
what are characteristics of gram positive bacteria*
stain blue/purple have a thick peptidoglycan layer after the plasma membrane
33
what are the characteristics of a gram negative bacteria*
stain red have a thin peptidoglycan layer have an extra outer membrane
34
what are the functions of cell walls*
rigidity protection from bursting
35
do antibiotics have a harder time going through gram + or - bacteria*
gram - (extra outer membrane)
36
what are the functions of capsule on prokaryotes*
prevents the cell drying helps cell stick to things protects cell from white blood cells (no antigens so w.b.c. can't recognize it as enemy)
37
what are three characteristics of the domain archaea*
have histones (proteins) associated with dna like eukaryotic cells have s layer on cell surface have a cell wall (no peptidoglycan)
38
what is the s layer on archaea composed of*
glycosylated proteins (have glucose)
39
what are the two major categories of organelles*
membranous organelles non membranous organelles
40
examples of membranous organelles*
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus smooth and rough ER, golgi, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisome, mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuoles
41
examples of non membranous components*
nucleolus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosome, cilia, flagella, cell junctions, cell wall, extracellular matrix
42
why do we need the plasma membrane*
to regulate movement in and out of the cell the maintain the interior environment balanced (critical for cell processes and function)
43
what are the functions of the plasma membrane*
cell adhesion, recognition, communication and regulating interior env.
44
what is the plasma membrane made of*
phospholipid molecules protein molecules cholesterol
45
what do phospholipids do in the plasma membrane*
selectively permeable allows some substances to cross it better than others
46
what is the fluid mosaic model*
proteins moving sideways through the plasma membrane's bilayer
47
what is the difference between the cytoplasm and the cytosol*
cytoplasm is the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane cytosol is the fluid substance inside the cell which contains the organelles
48
is the nucleolus membrane bound*
no (its inside the nucleus and makes the ribosomes)
49
what does the membrane of the nucleus look like*
looks like a double membrane but is actually folded over itself (nuclear envelope) has pores to allow exchange of materials
50
what is a chromatin*
loosely arranged dna and protein
51
what is a chromosome*
tightly packed dna and histones (proteins) in x shape (46 chromosomes total)
52
what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and what makes them different*
rough ER (has ribosomes/dots) smooth ER
53
what is the ER membrane made of*
continuation of nuclear envelope weaves in sheets
54
what are cisternae*
tubules and sacs (lipid bilayer) of the ER membrane
55
what are the functions of the rough ER*
produce proteins (ribosomes) distribute proteins to other cells or organelles modify proteins
56
where does the rough ER send most of its proteins*
golgi apparatus
57
how does the rough ER modify proteins*
fold into 3D shape enzyme can modify proteins by adding carbs or lipids to them
58
what are the functions of the smooth ER*
synthesize and transport proteins enzymes detoxify poisons and drugs (liver) metabolizes carbs storage of calcium
59
what are the functions of the golgi apparatus*
packaging and shipping centre of molecules chemical modification of molecules synthesizes carbs
60
characteristics of golgi apparatus*
structurally similar to ER 5-20 membranous sacs (cisternae)
61
what is a vesicle*
a hollow sphere with a membrane identical to the plasma membrane
62
what is the function of vesicles*
store/transport chemicals around the cell
63
what are the two types of vesicles, who makes them and where do they go*
transport (ER makes it to get proteins to golgi) secretory (golgi makes it to go to the plasma membrane or around the cell)
64
what is the function of a lysosome and who makes them*
destroy pathogens and damaged organelles golgi makes them
65
how does a lysosome work*
its a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes (pH 5 so acidic) which are only active inside its membrane to prevent damaging the cell in case of leakage (cells pH is 7.2)
66
what are the processes lysosomes go through called*
phagocytosis autophagy
67
what is phagocytosis*
lysosome digesting materials from outside the cell
68
what is autophagy*
lysosome digesting organelles from inside the cell (itself)
69
how do lysosome digest things*
engulfs them
70
what are the functions of peroxisomes*
fatty acid metabolism detoxify harmful compounds (liver) gets rid of the hydrogen peroxide released when enzymes transfer hydrogen to oxygen (ex. phagocytosis and autophagy)
71
what allows peroxisome to detoxify hydrogen peroxide*
has enzyme that turns H2O2 to water
72
what are the functions of mitochondria*
power house of the cell aerobic respiration makes ATP from glucose
73
how many membranes do mitochondrias have and what are they made of*
2 membranes that each have a phospholipid bilayer
74
what is the endosymbiont theory*
theory that millions of years ago a cell engulfed another and developed a symbiotic relationship instead of digesting it (believed to have happened with mitochondria and chloroplast because they have the basic structure of a cell)

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