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lecture 5&6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of nucleic acids

A

store and transmit genes
program amino acid sequence of polypeptide (proteins)

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2
Q

structure of nucleic acids

A

made of nucleotides

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3
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)
ribonucleic acid (rna)

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4
Q

what does the dna do

A

stores information for protein synthesis
acts as a blueprint to make the proteins

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5
Q

what does the rna do

A

directs protein synthesis
acts as messenger to relay information from dna

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6
Q

what replaces thymine in rna

A

uracil

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7
Q

what is the structure of nucleic acids

A

a phosphate molecule
a 5 carbon sugar
a nitrogenous base

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8
Q

what sugars do dna and rna have

A

dna has deoxyribose
rna has ribose

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9
Q

what kind of formation do the dna strands have

A

antiparallel formation
3 prime to 5 prime

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10
Q

what are the functions of histones

A

wind the dna to fit 2m into 10 nanometers of space
control gene activation and deactivation

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11
Q

what do gene have to do with proteins

A

genes have the information needed to make the specific protein and the primary sequence of the protein

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12
Q

what are the two major steps in protein synthesis

A

transcription
translation

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13
Q

what are the steps of transcription

A
  1. separation of dna at a particular gene
  2. synthesis of mRNA (using uracil)
  3. mRNA is sent to cytosol
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14
Q

what is the start codon of transcription

A

AUG

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15
Q

do the start/stop codon code for amino acids

A

only the start codon

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16
Q

what are codons

A

group of three nucleotides that code for one amino acid

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17
Q

what are the characteristics of mRNA

A

single stranded
synthesized in nucleus with the help of enzymes and dna
has the information of one gene

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18
Q

what is translation

A

the assembly of the protein’s primary structure according to the codon sequence on the mRNA

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19
Q

what does the tRNA do

A

decode the codons of mRNA

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20
Q

how does the tRNA work

A

it has anti codons that complementary bind to the mRNA codons while creating an amino acid chain

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21
Q

how many codons are there

A

64 (1 start, 3 stop and 61 amino acids)

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22
Q

how many anticodons are there

A

31 (many codons code for the same amino acid)

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23
Q

what does the rRNA do

A

links mRNA and tRNA

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24
Q

what is the structure of rRNA

A

3 tRNA binding sites:
1. A site (aminoacyl-tRNA)
2. P site (peptidyl-tRNA)
3. E site (exit site)

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25
Q

what is the process of translation

A

tRNA attaches to the start codon at the P site
the next tRNA attaches to the A site
the ribosome moves along the mRNA which makes the tRNA leave through the exit site
this builds the amino acid chain until the stop codon is reached

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26
Q

when the stop codon is reached what happens

A

a release factor binds to the A site which causes a water molecule to be added to hydrolysis the chain
this releases the polypeptide

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27
Q

what is the range of cell size*

A

8 to 100 um

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28
Q

why are cells so small*

A

because as cell size increase the metabolic needs of the cell increases
the surface area is smaller than the volume so it can’t meet the demands

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29
Q

what does having a smaller volume mean for a cell*

A

less metabolic demands but also less surface area to transport materials in and out

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30
Q

what is the range of size for prokaryotic cells*

A

1-10 um

31
Q

how do you classify organisms in the bacteria domain*

A

using the gram test

32
Q

what are characteristics of gram positive bacteria*

A

stain blue/purple
have a thick peptidoglycan layer after the plasma membrane

33
Q

what are the characteristics of a gram negative bacteria*

A

stain red
have a thin peptidoglycan layer
have an extra outer membrane

34
Q

what are the functions of cell walls*

A

rigidity
protection from bursting

35
Q

do antibiotics have a harder time going through gram + or - bacteria*

A

gram - (extra outer membrane)

36
Q

what are the functions of capsule on prokaryotes*

A

prevents the cell drying
helps cell stick to things
protects cell from white blood cells (no antigens so w.b.c. can’t recognize it as enemy)

37
Q

what are three characteristics of the domain archaea*

A

have histones (proteins) associated with dna like eukaryotic cells
have s layer on cell surface
have a cell wall (no peptidoglycan)

38
Q

what is the s layer on archaea composed of*

A

glycosylated proteins (have glucose)

39
Q

what are the two major categories of organelles*

A

membranous organelles
non membranous organelles

40
Q

examples of membranous organelles*

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
smooth and rough ER, golgi, vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisome, mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuoles

41
Q

examples of non membranous components*

A

nucleolus, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosome, cilia, flagella, cell junctions, cell wall, extracellular matrix

42
Q

why do we need the plasma membrane*

A

to regulate movement in and out of the cell
the maintain the interior environment balanced (critical for cell processes and function)

43
Q

what are the functions of the plasma membrane*

A

cell adhesion, recognition, communication and regulating interior env.

44
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of*

A

phospholipid molecules
protein molecules
cholesterol

45
Q

what do phospholipids do in the plasma membrane*

A

selectively permeable
allows some substances to cross it better than others

46
Q

what is the fluid mosaic model*

A

proteins moving sideways through the plasma membrane’s bilayer

47
Q

what is the difference between the cytoplasm and the cytosol*

A

cytoplasm is the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
cytosol is the fluid substance inside the cell which contains the organelles

48
Q

is the nucleolus membrane bound*

A

no (its inside the nucleus and makes the ribosomes)

49
Q

what does the membrane of the nucleus look like*

A

looks like a double membrane but is actually folded over itself (nuclear envelope)
has pores to allow exchange of materials

50
Q

what is a chromatin*

A

loosely arranged dna and protein

51
Q

what is a chromosome*

A

tightly packed dna and histones (proteins) in x shape (46 chromosomes total)

52
Q

what are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and what makes them different*

A

rough ER (has ribosomes/dots)
smooth ER

53
Q

what is the ER membrane made of*

A

continuation of nuclear envelope
weaves in sheets

54
Q

what are cisternae*

A

tubules and sacs (lipid bilayer) of the ER membrane

55
Q

what are the functions of the rough ER*

A

produce proteins (ribosomes)
distribute proteins to other cells or organelles
modify proteins

56
Q

where does the rough ER send most of its proteins*

A

golgi apparatus

57
Q

how does the rough ER modify proteins*

A

fold into 3D shape
enzyme can modify proteins by adding carbs or lipids to them

58
Q

what are the functions of the smooth ER*

A

synthesize and transport proteins
enzymes detoxify poisons and drugs (liver)
metabolizes carbs
storage of calcium

59
Q

what are the functions of the golgi apparatus*

A

packaging and shipping centre of molecules
chemical modification of molecules
synthesizes carbs

60
Q

characteristics of golgi apparatus*

A

structurally similar to ER
5-20 membranous sacs (cisternae)

61
Q

what is a vesicle*

A

a hollow sphere with a membrane identical to the plasma membrane

62
Q

what is the function of vesicles*

A

store/transport chemicals around the cell

63
Q

what are the two types of vesicles, who makes them and where do they go*

A

transport (ER makes it to get proteins to golgi)
secretory (golgi makes it to go to the plasma membrane or around the cell)

64
Q

what is the function of a lysosome and who makes them*

A

destroy pathogens and damaged organelles
golgi makes them

65
Q

how does a lysosome work*

A

its a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes (pH 5 so acidic) which are only active inside its membrane to prevent damaging the cell in case of leakage (cells pH is 7.2)

66
Q

what are the processes lysosomes go through called*

A

phagocytosis
autophagy

67
Q

what is phagocytosis*

A

lysosome digesting materials from outside the cell

68
Q

what is autophagy*

A

lysosome digesting organelles from inside the cell (itself)

69
Q

how do lysosome digest things*

A

engulfs them

70
Q

what are the functions of peroxisomes*

A

fatty acid metabolism
detoxify harmful compounds (liver)
gets rid of the hydrogen peroxide released when enzymes transfer hydrogen to oxygen (ex. phagocytosis and autophagy)

71
Q

what allows peroxisome to detoxify hydrogen peroxide*

A

has enzyme that turns H2O2 to water

72
Q

what are the functions of mitochondria*

A

power house of the cell
aerobic respiration
makes ATP from glucose

73
Q

how many membranes do mitochondrias have and what are they made of*

A

2 membranes that each have a phospholipid bilayer

74
Q

what is the endosymbiont theory*

A

theory that millions of years ago a cell engulfed another and developed a symbiotic relationship instead of digesting it (believed to have happened with mitochondria and chloroplast because they have the basic structure of a cell)

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